South Korea tax wedge on labour and net income by household type: single, couple, children (OECD)
Annual OECD Taxing Wages indicators for South Korea: average and marginal tax wedge on labour costs, net personal average tax rate, average income tax rate, employee and employer social security contribution rates, gross earnings and net income after taxes and cash benefits, for eight standard household types (single workers at 67%, 100% and 167% of the average wage, single parent, one- and two-earner married couples with and without children).
| Indicator | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average tax wedge8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 67% of average wage | 21.92 | 21.73 | 21.43 | 21.52 | 20.84 | 20.18 | 19.74 | 19.19 | 18.87 | 18.57 | 18.36 | 18.18 | 18.15 | 17.89 | 17.64 | 17.35 | 16.9 | 17.37 | 16.82 | 16.04 | 15.66 | 15.51 | 15.1 | 14.86 | 15.09 | 15.04 | |
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 24.85 | 24.72 | 24.49 | 24.49 | 23.94 | 23.37 | 22.95 | 22.44 | 22.01 | 21.8 | 21.44 | 21.15 | 20.98 | 20.53 | 19.98 | 20.14 | 19.46 | 19.97 | 19.72 | 18.16 | 17.31 | 17.05 | 16.4 | 16.11 | 16.49 | 16.36 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 28.2 | 27.93 | 27.49 | 27.54 | 26.86 | 26.19 | 25.64 | 25 | 24.37 | 23.78 | 23.25 | 22.92 | 22.79 | 22.45 | 22.15 | 21.73 | 21.82 | 22.61 | 22.51 | 21.75 | 21.41 | 21.7 | 21.42 | 20.56 | 20.94 | 20.46 | |
| Single parent, two children, 67% of average wage | 5.07 | 4.38 | 7.91 | 7.49 | 12.49 | 10.55 | 13.53 | 13.64 | 13.2 | 13.09 | 12.88 | 12.68 | 13.75 | 17.21 | 16.99 | 16.72 | 16.31 | 16.62 | 16.1 | 15.68 | 15.28 | 14.94 | 14.74 | 14.37 | 14.49 | 14.41 | |
| One-earner married couple, two children, 100% of average wage | 14.03 | 13.56 | 15.2 | 14.89 | 17.88 | 16.21 | 18.05 | 17.86 | 17.18 | 16.83 | 16.25 | 15.81 | 16.11 | 18.1 | 17.61 | 17.81 | 17.04 | 17.8 | 17.46 | 16.79 | 16.17 | 16.04 | 15.83 | 15.56 | 15.82 | 15.66 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 67% of average wage | 18.64 | 18.35 | 17.95 | 17.81 | 19.34 | 18.09 | 19.02 | 18.69 | 18.13 | 17.8 | 17.39 | 17.05 | 17.18 | 18.24 | 17.86 | 17.89 | 17.24 | 17.81 | 17.4 | 16.68 | 16.11 | 15.92 | 15.64 | 15.38 | 15.65 | 15.53 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 100% of average wage | 20.65 | 20.4 | 20.05 | 19.9 | 21.14 | 20.03 | 20.74 | 20.4 | 19.86 | 19.59 | 19.13 | 18.77 | 18.68 | 19.43 | 18.91 | 19.12 | 18.38 | 18.95 | 18.66 | 17.53 | 16.78 | 16.54 | 16.14 | 15.91 | 16.24 | 16.09 | |
| Two-earner married couple, no child, 100% and 67% of average wage | 23.67 | 23.52 | 23.27 | 23.3 | 22.69 | 22.09 | 21.66 | 21.14 | 20.71 | 20.46 | 20.16 | 19.91 | 19.81 | 19.43 | 19.01 | 18.99 | 18.4 | 18.87 | 18.5 | 17.27 | 16.61 | 16.38 | 15.83 | 15.54 | 15.85 | 15.75 | |
| Marginal tax wedge of the principal earner6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 67% of average wage | 30.45 | 30.49 | 30.46 | 30.32 | 30.14 | 29.16 | 28.82 | 25.12 | 22.16 | 22.42 | 22.38 | 22.31 | 20.18 | 19.99 | 19.85 | 19.43 | 19.14 | 20.35 | 19.93 | 17.94 | 17.68 | 17.86 | 17.54 | 18.12 | 17.31 | 17.38 | |
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 31.15 | 31.18 | 31.15 | 31.01 | 30.84 | 30.65 | 30.31 | 28.55 | 29.26 | 29.26 | 29.22 | 29.16 | 29.04 | 28.87 | 28.75 | 28.4 | 28.97 | 29.87 | 30 | 29.66 | 24.43 | 24.49 | 24.21 | 19.22 | 20.28 | 20.34 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 33.08 | 33.12 | 33.09 | 32.95 | 32.79 | 32.61 | 32.29 | 32.03 | 31.95 | 31.95 | 31.91 | 23.32 | 23.24 | 23.07 | 22.94 | 22.56 | 23.24 | 24.29 | 23.9 | 23.56 | 23.31 | 23.16 | 29.39 | 29.27 | 31.07 | 31.13 | |
| Single parent, two children, 67% of average wage | 30.45 | 30.49 | 23.49 | 23.33 | 23.14 | 22.93 | 22.56 | 22.27 | 19.07 | 17.01 | 16.96 | 16.89 | 18.97 | 18.78 | 18.64 | 18.23 | 17.93 | 18.74 | 18.31 | 17.94 | 17.68 | 17.86 | 17.54 | 18.12 | 17.31 | 17.38 | |
| One-earner married couple, two children, 100% of average wage | 31.15 | 31.18 | 31.15 | 31.01 | 30.84 | 30.65 | 30.31 | 28.55 | 29.26 | 29.26 | 29.22 | 29.16 | 25.37 | 25.19 | 25.07 | 24.69 | 25.01 | 25.66 | 25.62 | 25.27 | 19.31 | 19.53 | 19.22 | 19.22 | 20.28 | 19.05 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 67% of average wage | 31.15 | 31.18 | 31.15 | 31.01 | 30.84 | 30.65 | 30.31 | 28.55 | 29.26 | 29.26 | 29.22 | 29.16 | 29.04 | 25.19 | 25.07 | 28.4 | 25.01 | 29.87 | 30 | 25.27 | 24.43 | 19.53 | 19.22 | 19.22 | 20.28 | 20.34 | |
| Net personal average tax rate8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 67% of average wage | 13.28 | 13.02 | 12.73 | 12.88 | 12.21 | 11.57 | 11.24 | 10.79 | 10.47 | 10.14 | 9.93 | 9.76 | 9.77 | 9.54 | 9.34 | 9.22 | 8.88 | 9.27 | 8.89 | 8.29 | 8.09 | 8.09 | 7.86 | 7.54 | 7.64 | 7.51 | |
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 16.53 | 16.34 | 16.13 | 16.18 | 15.64 | 15.11 | 14.79 | 14.38 | 13.93 | 13.7 | 13.32 | 13.04 | 12.89 | 12.45 | 11.92 | 12.28 | 11.68 | 12.13 | 12.06 | 10.62 | 9.88 | 9.76 | 9.27 | 8.91 | 9.17 | 8.95 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 20.92 | 20.61 | 20.22 | 20.4 | 19.71 | 19.03 | 18.64 | 18.1 | 17.41 | 16.76 | 16.19 | 15.85 | 15.75 | 15.43 | 15.11 | 15.05 | 15.14 | 15.83 | 15.82 | 15.07 | 14.73 | 14.96 | 14.72 | 13.74 | 14 | 13.41 | |
| Single parent, two children, 67% of average wage | -5.43 | -6.26 | -2.29 | -2.69 | 2.95 | 0.9 | 4.37 | 4.66 | 4.21 | 4.08 | 3.87 | 3.7 | 4.92 | 8.8 | 8.62 | 8.53 | 8.23 | 8.45 | 8.1 | 7.91 | 7.68 | 7.47 | 7.46 | 7.02 | 6.99 | 6.83 | |
| One-earner married couple, two children, 100% of average wage | 4.52 | 3.94 | 5.8 | 5.53 | 8.93 | 7.18 | 9.37 | 9.32 | 8.6 | 8.21 | 7.6 | 7.14 | 7.52 | 9.78 | 9.31 | 9.72 | 9.03 | 9.75 | 9.59 | 9.11 | 8.65 | 8.67 | 8.65 | 8.31 | 8.43 | 8.18 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 67% of average wage | 9.64 | 9.27 | 8.86 | 8.76 | 10.55 | 9.26 | 10.44 | 10.24 | 9.64 | 9.29 | 8.85 | 8.52 | 8.7 | 9.93 | 9.58 | 9.81 | 9.25 | 9.76 | 9.52 | 9 | 8.58 | 8.54 | 8.44 | 8.11 | 8.25 | 8.05 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 100% of average wage | 11.87 | 11.55 | 11.2 | 11.09 | 12.54 | 11.41 | 12.35 | 12.12 | 11.56 | 11.25 | 10.77 | 10.41 | 10.35 | 11.24 | 10.74 | 11.16 | 10.49 | 11.01 | 10.91 | 9.93 | 9.32 | 9.21 | 8.99 | 8.68 | 8.89 | 8.66 | |
| Two-earner married couple, no child, 100% and 67% of average wage | 15.23 | 15.01 | 14.77 | 14.85 | 14.26 | 13.69 | 13.36 | 12.94 | 12.49 | 12.22 | 11.91 | 11.66 | 11.6 | 11.25 | 10.85 | 11.01 | 10.51 | 10.93 | 10.73 | 9.65 | 9.12 | 9.04 | 8.65 | 8.29 | 8.47 | 8.28 | |
| Average income tax rate8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 67% of average wage | 3.87 | 3.61 | 3.33 | 3.61 | 3.08 | 2.6 | 2.54 | 2.29 | 2.06 | 1.73 | 1.54 | 1.41 | 1.48 | 1.4 | 1.29 | 1.43 | 1.27 | 1.68 | 1.55 | 1.1 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.81 | |
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 7.13 | 6.94 | 6.73 | 6.9 | 6.52 | 6.13 | 6.1 | 5.88 | 5.52 | 5.29 | 4.94 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.31 | 3.86 | 4.49 | 4.07 | 4.53 | 4.73 | 3.43 | 2.78 | 2.7 | 2.35 | 2.21 | 2.47 | 2.25 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 12.44 | 12.17 | 11.88 | 12.28 | 11.71 | 11.13 | 11.11 | 10.8 | 10.14 | 9.51 | 8.93 | 8.63 | 8.58 | 8.4 | 8.09 | 8.57 | 8.64 | 9.28 | 9.39 | 8.57 | 8.08 | 8.08 | 7.8 | 7.04 | 7.3 | 6.71 | |
| Single parent, two children, 67% of average wage | -2.21 | -2.69 | 1.66 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.13 | |
| One-earner married couple, two children, 100% of average wage | 3.57 | 3.23 | 5.35 | 5.48 | 4.68 | 4.19 | 4.13 | 3.49 | 3 | 2.7 | 2.24 | 1.91 | 1.88 | 1.64 | 1.25 | 1.93 | 1.42 | 2.16 | 2.25 | 1.92 | 1.55 | 1.61 | 1.73 | 1.61 | 1.73 | 1.48 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 67% of average wage | 5.3 | 5.07 | 4.81 | 5.01 | 4.34 | 3.87 | 3.82 | 3.34 | 2.92 | 2.61 | 2.28 | 2.04 | 2 | 1.79 | 1.53 | 2.02 | 1.64 | 2.17 | 2.19 | 1.81 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.41 | 1.55 | 1.35 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 100% of average wage | 6.69 | 6.49 | 6.27 | 6.43 | 5.85 | 5.42 | 5.38 | 4.96 | 4.55 | 4.29 | 3.9 | 3.63 | 3.39 | 3.1 | 2.69 | 3.37 | 2.88 | 3.42 | 3.57 | 2.74 | 2.21 | 2.16 | 2.07 | 1.98 | 2.19 | 1.96 | |
| Two-earner married couple, no child, 100% and 67% of average wage | 5.82 | 5.61 | 5.37 | 5.58 | 5.14 | 4.71 | 4.67 | 4.44 | 4.08 | 3.81 | 3.52 | 3.32 | 3.31 | 3.11 | 2.79 | 3.23 | 2.9 | 3.33 | 3.4 | 2.46 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 1.73 | 1.59 | 1.77 | 1.58 | |
| Average rate of employee social security contributions2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.27 | 9.13 | 8.98 | 8.69 | 8.5 | 8.41 | 8.41 | 8.38 | 8.34 | 8.29 | 8.14 | 8.05 | 7.79 | 7.61 | 7.59 | 7.34 | 7.19 | 7.11 | 7.06 | 6.92 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 8.48 | 8.44 | 8.34 | 8.12 | 8 | 7.9 | 7.52 | 7.3 | 7.26 | 7.25 | 7.26 | 7.22 | 7.17 | 7.03 | 7.02 | 6.48 | 6.5 | 6.56 | 6.43 | 6.51 | 6.64 | 6.88 | 6.92 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | |
| Average rate of employer social security contributions2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 11.06 | 11.12 | 11.08 | 11 | 10.91 | 10.79 | 10.59 | 10.4 | 10.36 | 10.36 | 10.33 | 10.29 | 10.24 | 10.16 | 10.07 | 9.84 | 9.66 | 9.79 | 9.54 | 9.22 | 8.98 | 8.79 | 8.53 | 8.59 | 8.77 | 8.86 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 10.14 | 10.16 | 10.02 | 9.85 | 9.78 | 9.71 | 9.42 | 9.2 | 9.21 | 9.2 | 9.21 | 9.17 | 9.12 | 9.05 | 9.04 | 8.53 | 8.55 | 8.76 | 8.63 | 8.54 | 8.51 | 8.61 | 8.53 | 8.59 | 8.77 | 8.86 | |
| Gross earnings before taxes4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 67% of average wage | 38,022,363.68 | 37,009,551.12 | 35,957,557.32 | 34,877,230.56 | 33,012,489.24 | 31,325,013.84 | 31,011,116.16 | 30,078,427.92 | 28,543,302.48 | 27,737,123.64 | 26,595,781.32 | 25,835,824.44 | 25,239,143.88 | 24,389,902.8 | 23,221,634.52 | 24,707,056.68 | 23,025,096.72 | 22,515,360.72 | 21,682,209.02 | 20,432,078.13 | 19,323,201.33 | 18,047,946.78 | 16,988,694.2 | 15,541,051.33 | 14,014,235.23 | 13,299,318.43 | |
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 56,749,796.54 | 55,238,136 | 53,667,996 | 52,055,568 | 49,272,372 | 46,753,752 | 46,285,248 | 44,893,176 | 42,601,944 | 41,398,692 | 39,695,196 | 38,560,932 | 37,670,364 | 36,402,840 | 34,659,156 | 36,876,204 | 34,365,816 | 33,605,016 | 32,361,506 | 30,495,639 | 28,840,599 | 26,937,234 | 25,356,260 | 23,195,599 | 20,916,769 | 19,849,729 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 94,772,160.22 | 92,247,687.12 | 89,625,553.32 | 86,932,798.56 | 82,284,861.24 | 78,078,765.84 | 77,296,364.16 | 74,971,603.92 | 71,145,246.48 | 69,135,815.64 | 66,290,977.32 | 64,396,756.44 | 62,909,507.88 | 60,792,742.8 | 57,880,790.52 | 61,583,260.68 | 57,390,912.72 | 56,120,376.72 | 54,043,715.02 | 50,927,717.13 | 48,163,800.33 | 44,985,180.78 | 42,344,954.2 | 38,736,650.33 | 34,931,004.23 | 33,149,047.43 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 100% of average wage | 113,499,593.07 | 110,476,272 | 107,335,992 | 104,111,136 | 98,544,744 | 93,507,504 | 92,570,496 | 89,786,352 | 85,203,888 | 82,797,384 | 79,390,392 | 77,121,864 | 75,340,728 | 72,805,680 | 69,318,312 | 73,752,408 | 68,731,632 | 67,210,032 | 64,723,012 | 60,991,278 | 57,681,198 | 53,874,468 | 50,712,520 | 46,391,198 | 41,833,538 | 39,699,458 | |
| Net income after taxes and cash benefits8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single, no child, 67% of average wage | 32,973,610.5 | 32,191,287.79 | 31,380,190.59 | 30,384,157.47 | 28,982,744.88 | 27,699,414.33 | 27,526,729.54 | 26,832,763.74 | 25,555,283.93 | 24,925,219.3 | 23,955,170.61 | 23,315,406.3 | 22,773,530.51 | 22,062,342.03 | 21,052,413.39 | 22,428,593.89 | 20,981,180.24 | 20,427,377.67 | 19,754,741.61 | 18,737,377.93 | 17,760,002.86 | 16,588,507.63 | 15,653,770.27 | 14,368,546.64 | 12,943,518.49 | 12,300,506.23 | |
| Single, no child, 100% of average wage | 47,366,292.23 | 46,210,286.19 | 45,011,783.44 | 43,635,104.91 | 41,564,874.94 | 39,690,849.41 | 39,440,841.23 | 38,438,268.94 | 36,666,466.34 | 35,727,059.86 | 34,405,928.04 | 33,533,908.36 | 32,816,127.18 | 31,869,518.83 | 30,527,956.42 | 32,348,477.62 | 30,353,030.97 | 29,529,567.54 | 28,457,420.15 | 27,257,957.31 | 25,990,085.74 | 24,308,585.07 | 23,004,780.75 | 21,129,922.58 | 18,998,489.99 | 18,073,190.25 | |
| Single, no child, 167% of average wage | 74,946,646.3 | 73,239,827.81 | 71,500,423.11 | 69,197,416.45 | 66,067,904.6 | 63,220,612.4 | 62,891,601.03 | 61,401,157.98 | 58,761,710.38 | 57,545,719.24 | 55,560,902.86 | 54,190,332.56 | 53,002,389.71 | 51,411,333.12 | 49,132,875.41 | 52,315,538.24 | 48,704,100.73 | 47,234,411.75 | 45,494,247.78 | 43,250,662.29 | 41,071,484.93 | 38,255,437.73 | 36,112,006.16 | 33,415,304.07 | 30,039,171.11 | 28,703,166.82 | |
| Single parent, two children, 67% of average wage | 40,087,610.5 | 39,325,287.79 | 36,781,323.63 | 35,814,529.97 | 32,038,014.74 | 31,042,596.49 | 29,656,261.14 | 28,675,985.46 | 27,342,687.66 | 26,604,314.35 | 25,566,046.2 | 24,880,858.32 | 23,996,844.43 | 22,244,675.92 | 21,219,229.75 | 22,600,290.37 | 21,130,536.08 | 20,612,724.71 | 19,925,333.53 | 18,816,577.93 | 17,839,202.86 | 16,699,882.63 | 15,720,595.27 | 14,450,221.64 | 13,034,268.49 | 12,391,256.23 | |
| One-earner married couple, two children, 100% of average wage | 54,184,792.23 | 53,060,786.19 | 50,554,283.44 | 49,177,604.91 | 44,872,374.94 | 43,398,349.41 | 41,948,341.23 | 40,710,768.94 | 38,938,966.34 | 37,999,559.86 | 36,678,428.04 | 35,806,408.36 | 34,839,023.88 | 32,843,813.29 | 31,433,057.94 | 33,290,609.27 | 31,263,891.8 | 30,328,263.42 | 29,258,080.96 | 27,716,670.89 | 26,345,826.82 | 24,602,848.61 | 23,164,043.78 | 21,268,522.58 | 19,152,489.99 | 18,225,070.3 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 67% of average wage | 85,634,902.73 | 83,696,573.98 | 81,686,974.03 | 79,314,262.38 | 73,607,619.82 | 70,850,263.74 | 69,227,570.77 | 67,296,032.68 | 64,283,875.27 | 62,714,404.16 | 60,423,223.65 | 58,911,439.66 | 57,437,757.69 | 54,756,005.32 | 52,335,321.34 | 55,542,671.51 | 52,083,372.04 | 50,642,245.21 | 48,897,461.76 | 46,342,948.81 | 44,031,688.61 | 41,144,331.24 | 38,770,789.05 | 35,594,994.23 | 32,049,258.48 | 30,480,946.48 | |
| Two-earner married couple, two children, 100% and 100% of average wage | 100,027,584.46 | 97,715,572.38 | 95,318,566.88 | 92,565,209.83 | 86,189,749.88 | 82,841,698.82 | 81,141,682.46 | 78,901,537.87 | 75,357,932.68 | 73,479,119.72 | 70,836,856.09 | 69,092,816.72 | 67,539,754.36 | 64,622,582.11 | 61,870,264.37 | 65,521,955.24 | 61,520,122.77 | 59,807,135.08 | 57,662,840.3 | 54,937,228.2 | 52,307,421.48 | 48,911,433.68 | 46,154,837.56 | 42,363,795.17 | 38,112,479.98 | 36,261,880.5 | |
| Two-earner married couple, no child, 100% and 67% of average wage | 80,339,902.73 | 78,401,573.98 | 76,391,974.03 | 74,019,262.38 | 70,547,619.82 | 67,390,263.74 | 66,967,570.77 | 65,271,032.68 | 62,258,875.27 | 60,689,404.16 | 58,398,223.65 | 56,886,439.66 | 55,612,757.69 | 53,954,960.86 | 51,603,469.82 | 54,800,171.51 | 51,357,311.2 | 49,987,745.21 | 48,242,961.76 | 46,015,135.24 | 43,769,888.61 | 40,919,367.7 | 38,680,826.02 | 35,525,694.23 | 31,972,258.48 | 30,403,946.48 |
Latest reading
The series on this page is annual and runs from 2000 to 2025. Source: OECD – Taxing Wages, comparative country indicators (DF_TW_COMP).
About this data
Annual OECD Taxing Wages indicators for South Korea: average and marginal tax wedge on labour costs, net personal average tax rate, average income tax rate, employee and employer social security contribution rates, gross earnings and net income after taxes and cash benefits, for eight standard household types (single workers at 67%, 100% and 167% of the average wage, single parent, one- and two-earner married couples with and without children).
Frequently asked questions
- What is the latest figure for South Korea tax wedge on labour and net income by household type?
- Single, no child, 100% of average wage stood at 24.85 % of labour costs in 2025. That is +0.1 pp from 2024.
- How far back does the South Korea tax wedge on labour and net income by household type data go?
- The series on this page is annual and runs from 2000 to 2025. Source: OECD – Taxing Wages, comparative country indicators (DF_TW_COMP). Every series in the table can be charted over its full history and downloaded as CSV or Excel.