Japan LOBO Business Survey (JCCI)
Monthly early business survey by the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry among member firms of local chambers of commerce, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises, since April 1989.
| Indicator | 08-2026 | 07-2026 | 06-2026 | 05-2026 | 04-2026 | 03-2026 | 02-2026 | 01-2026 | 12-2025 | 11-2025 | 10-2025 | 09-2025 | 08-2025 | 07-2025 | 06-2025 | 05-2025 | 04-2025 | 03-2025 | 02-2025 | 01-2025 | 12-2024 | 11-2024 | 10-2024 | 09-2024 | 08-2024 | 07-2024 | 06-2024 | 05-2024 | 04-2024 | 03-2024 | 02-2024 | 01-2024 | 12-2023 | 11-2023 | 10-2023 | 09-2023 | 08-2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Business conditions DI: all industries5 | -20.2 | -21.2 | -22.2 | -24.3 | -21.9 | -20 | -16.8 | -17.9 | -18 | -17.9 | -18.9 | -18.6 | -18.8 | -18.9 | -16.8 | -18 | -18.5 | -19.2 | -20.5 | -15.4 | -14.4 | -16.3 | -17.2 | -14.1 | -15.4 | -16.3 | -16.2 | -11.4 | -14 | -12.9 | -12.9 | -11.4 | -8.4 | -9.7 | -10.5 | -9 | -8.9 | |
| Business conditions DI: construction | -16 | -18.2 | -22.7 | -24.8 | -24.4 | -15.5 | -13.6 | -15.2 | -14.7 | -16.5 | -13.5 | -10.2 | -13.4 | -12.3 | -15.2 | -13.8 | -17.7 | -15.6 | -16.7 | -10.6 | -11.3 | -12.6 | -11.8 | -8.4 | -11.6 | -13.1 | -18.7 | -16.5 | -16.5 | -15.6 | -13 | -12.3 | -11 | -11.7 | -14.3 | -16.5 | -18.8 | |
| Business conditions DI: manufacturing | -20.1 | -18 | -20.6 | -22.6 | -21.3 | -19.1 | -13.6 | -17.2 | -21.6 | -19.7 | -21 | -23.9 | -19.7 | -20 | -18.6 | -22.3 | -23 | -24.7 | -25 | -20.7 | -21.4 | -20.4 | -22 | -23.4 | -24.4 | -22.8 | -17.6 | -13.6 | -21.7 | -14.8 | -17 | -13.4 | -8.1 | -10.2 | -9.3 | -8.5 | -5.6 | |
| Business conditions DI: wholesale | -26.6 | -24 | -24.5 | -30.8 | -28.6 | -30.2 | -23.5 | -23.8 | -23.4 | -24.7 | -24.2 | -24.8 | -26.6 | -18.7 | -23.5 | -23.7 | -23.1 | -17.6 | -19.5 | -17.2 | -17.5 | -19 | -26.1 | -16.1 | -19.9 | -24 | -23.3 | -14.8 | -16.6 | -17.4 | -19.2 | -10.4 | -6.9 | -12 | -20.6 | -19.7 | -22.6 | |
| Business conditions DI: retail | -24 | -28.6 | -29.2 | -30.7 | -26.2 | -25.1 | -24.8 | -25.1 | -24 | -26.4 | -29.3 | -23.6 | -27 | -27.1 | -22.4 | -25.2 | -23.5 | -23.1 | -28.5 | -19.7 | -20.2 | -23.2 | -24.1 | -18.7 | -18.4 | -20.8 | -22.2 | -16.6 | -16.5 | -17.9 | -14.4 | -16.2 | -20.8 | -18.7 | -16 | -9.2 | -12.7 | |
| Business conditions DI: services | -17.6 | -19.7 | -17.5 | -18 | -14.9 | -15.1 | -13 | -12.1 | -9.9 | -7.7 | -10 | -12.3 | -11.6 | -15.8 | -8.5 | -8.5 | -8.6 | -13.9 | -13 | -9.4 | -3.4 | -8.5 | -6.9 | -4.3 | -5.2 | -5.4 | -6 | -0.8 | -2.4 | -3.8 | -4.4 | -5.2 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.2 | 3.4 | |
| Sales DI: all industries5 | -5 | -6.8 | -3.5 | -3.3 | -4.7 | -6.4 | -5.9 | -5.9 | -5.6 | -3.7 | -4.2 | -6.6 | -6.1 | -5.8 | -3.5 | -5.3 | -2.1 | -6.4 | -6.4 | -2.2 | -0.4 | -1.6 | -4.8 | -3.3 | -1.4 | -3.1 | -4.4 | 1.6 | -1.5 | 1.2 | -0.9 | -0.1 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 7.3 | |
| Sales DI: construction | -13.5 | -20.1 | -16.5 | -17.1 | -14.6 | -8.7 | -11.4 | -10.7 | -7.5 | -6.5 | -9.1 | -4.9 | -10.1 | -3.9 | -7.4 | -9.2 | -10.1 | -4.7 | -10.4 | -7.3 | -9.4 | -3.6 | -2.4 | -8.4 | -3.1 | -9.1 | -13.5 | -8.1 | -10.1 | -9.3 | -3.3 | -6.1 | -3.8 | -2.9 | -6.7 | -5.7 | -7 | |
| Sales DI: manufacturing | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.8 | -1.5 | -6.2 | -2.8 | -6.7 | -8.1 | -3.5 | -2.8 | -12.9 | -5.7 | -3.7 | -3.8 | -7.3 | -9.4 | -10.6 | -11.4 | -7.2 | -6.6 | -6.7 | -14.1 | -15.8 | -8.9 | -10.1 | -6.3 | 0.8 | -10.9 | -5.5 | -5.1 | -1.8 | 3.4 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 9.4 | |
| Sales DI: wholesale | -8.1 | -4.5 | -1.4 | 0.9 | -7 | -12.3 | -13.5 | -11.1 | -16.9 | -11.3 | -3 | -17.7 | -14.4 | -6.8 | -10.9 | -13.6 | -5 | 0 | -3.5 | -0.4 | 4.4 | -4.7 | -11.8 | -4.3 | -4 | -13.3 | -3.8 | 3.9 | -0.9 | 4.7 | -4.6 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 6.5 | -5.9 | -2.6 | -0.9 | |
| Sales DI: retail | -8.7 | -13 | -6.8 | -10.2 | -8.9 | -10.2 | -7.7 | -12.3 | -8.4 | -7.8 | -15.1 | -11.9 | -13.9 | -12.2 | -11.2 | -9 | -0.5 | -10.9 | -7.6 | -5.4 | -3.4 | -7.5 | -8.8 | 3.8 | -4.3 | 1.3 | -11.8 | -7.3 | -0.5 | -1.8 | -3.1 | -7 | -6.1 | -4.2 | 1 | 1.7 | 4.7 | |
| Sales DI: services | -1.7 | -3 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 0.4 | -0.8 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 7.5 | 6.1 | -3.4 | 8.7 | 5.7 | 9.9 | -2.7 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 8.9 | 7.1 | 9.6 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 14.3 | 11.3 | 14.8 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 14.3 | 12.9 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 20.2 | |
| Profitability DI: all industries5 | -20.3 | -21.8 | -20.6 | -21.2 | -20.6 | -17.8 | -17.3 | -18.4 | -17.7 | -18.5 | -17.9 | -18.5 | -17.3 | -18.8 | -16.5 | -17.9 | -17.1 | -19.4 | -20.7 | -19.4 | -14.7 | -16.4 | -16.8 | -16.4 | -14.4 | -18.7 | -16.8 | -12.9 | -15.2 | -11.9 | -13.8 | -13.3 | -10.6 | -12 | -12.7 | -13.3 | -12.7 | |
| Profitability DI: construction | -19.6 | -23.1 | -23.9 | -24.8 | -24.4 | -13.6 | -16.7 | -18.6 | -14.7 | -15 | -12.2 | -15.4 | -12.8 | -14.1 | -14.2 | -16.5 | -16.8 | -13.8 | -17.9 | -16.1 | -12.9 | -15 | -14.2 | -16.8 | -13.1 | -21 | -17.1 | -18 | -20.2 | -16.9 | -20.2 | -18.8 | -16.6 | -14.9 | -19.7 | -24.1 | -21.3 | |
| Profitability DI: manufacturing | -15.4 | -17.4 | -18.4 | -18 | -19.8 | -14.8 | -12 | -19 | -18.4 | -18 | -16.4 | -20.3 | -16 | -15.5 | -17.4 | -22.5 | -21.4 | -19.8 | -22.8 | -19.7 | -19.6 | -20 | -21.4 | -21.8 | -19.6 | -22.6 | -18 | -12.2 | -18.9 | -14.4 | -15.2 | -13.8 | -10.3 | -11.2 | -9.3 | -12.5 | -12 | |
| Profitability DI: wholesale | -18 | -14.5 | -14.1 | -18.3 | -16.4 | -18.3 | -22.2 | -17 | -24.2 | -18.2 | -17.8 | -19 | -20.5 | -14.9 | -21 | -17.4 | -18.6 | -14.9 | -18.6 | -23.2 | -8.8 | -14.2 | -23.5 | -15.2 | -12.4 | -23.2 | -22 | -16.1 | -14.5 | -12.2 | -15.5 | -14.5 | -5 | -13.4 | -12.6 | -15.9 | -17.4 | |
| Profitability DI: retail | -22.1 | -28.3 | -24.1 | -24.7 | -22.8 | -23.8 | -20.2 | -26.3 | -21 | -26.7 | -25.8 | -24.8 | -25 | -24.7 | -19.8 | -21 | -18.2 | -26.3 | -25.6 | -23.6 | -20.5 | -23.2 | -23.3 | -17.7 | -19.4 | -19.3 | -21.9 | -17.1 | -16.8 | -12.5 | -15.2 | -14.7 | -16.1 | -18.7 | -14.8 | -15.7 | -15.4 | |
| Profitability DI: services | -24.8 | -23.3 | -20.9 | -20.9 | -19.3 | -18.6 | -18.6 | -12.3 | -13.7 | -15.2 | -16.8 | -13.6 | -13.8 | -22.2 | -12.2 | -12.3 | -11.9 | -19.4 | -17.4 | -16.4 | -9.2 | -9.8 | -6.1 | -10.4 | -7.8 | -11 | -9.3 | -5.6 | -7.8 | -6 | -6.4 | -7.6 | -4.9 | -5.1 | -10 | -4.4 | -3.8 | |
| Cash position DI: all industries5 | -14.1 | -13.6 | -12.8 | -14.4 | -12.4 | -12.3 | -12.4 | -12.6 | -12.1 | -13.2 | -12.8 | -13.5 | -12.6 | -13.5 | -10.5 | -11.2 | -11.7 | -14.1 | -13.7 | -11.8 | -10 | -12.1 | -13 | -11.1 | -11.6 | -12.2 | -12.4 | -10.1 | -10.3 | -10.6 | -10.8 | -11 | -9.3 | -11.7 | -12 | -11.8 | -11.6 | |
| Cash position DI: construction | -7.7 | -7.1 | -6.5 | -9.4 | -8.4 | -6.2 | -6.8 | -8.2 | -7.5 | -6.9 | -6 | -6.8 | -6.4 | -6.3 | -4 | -3.7 | -7 | -6.9 | -6.9 | -5.3 | -6.9 | -7.5 | -7.1 | -5.9 | -3.8 | -7 | -6.1 | -8.4 | -6.7 | -7.9 | -6.5 | -7.1 | -3.8 | -6.1 | -6.4 | -8.6 | -7.6 | |
| Cash position DI: manufacturing | -13.5 | -14.5 | -13.5 | -14.7 | -14.4 | -13 | -11.6 | -11.7 | -14.3 | -16.1 | -14.5 | -18.7 | -16.4 | -15.5 | -12.5 | -17.2 | -17.1 | -19.6 | -16.1 | -13.7 | -12.4 | -15.4 | -15.2 | -16 | -16.1 | -13.9 | -13.9 | -11.3 | -12.7 | -12.4 | -14.5 | -10 | -9.9 | -13.4 | -11.8 | -13.3 | -12.6 | |
| Cash position DI: wholesale | -13.5 | -10.9 | -9.1 | -12.9 | -12.2 | -12.3 | -10.9 | -12.8 | -8.7 | -10.4 | -11.9 | -10.2 | -7 | -11.9 | -9.2 | -9.3 | -11.2 | -7.2 | -10.8 | -9.4 | -7.5 | -4.7 | -10.9 | -4.3 | -9.3 | -8.2 | -10.2 | -7.8 | -8.5 | -5.6 | -10 | -7.2 | -6.4 | -9.2 | -7.6 | -8.6 | -11.5 | |
| Cash position DI: retail | -18.9 | -19 | -20.3 | -20.5 | -15.7 | -16.2 | -18.2 | -18.2 | -18.9 | -17.6 | -18.1 | -18 | -17.1 | -17.5 | -14.1 | -16.1 | -13.6 | -18 | -20.4 | -15.4 | -15.3 | -17.5 | -20.4 | -15.4 | -17.6 | -18.3 | -18.9 | -14.9 | -13.6 | -15.1 | -13.7 | -16.9 | -17.8 | -17.9 | -20.7 | -16.7 | -16.9 | |
| Cash position DI: services | -15.6 | -13.8 | -12 | -13.2 | -10.6 | -12.5 | -13.2 | -11.9 | -9.5 | -12.1 | -11.9 | -10.6 | -11.8 | -13.7 | -10.4 | -7.4 | -8.4 | -13.3 | -11.6 | -12.6 | -6.8 | -11 | -10 | -9.4 | -8.5 | -11.2 | -11 | -7.3 | -8.6 | -9.2 | -7.7 | -11.5 | -6.5 | -9.5 | -10.8 | -9.9 | -8.7 | |
| Purchase unit prices DI: all industries5 | -70.7 | -72.4 | -73.6 | -76 | -71 | -63.9 | -57 | -60.4 | -59.7 | -63.1 | -63.3 | -61.5 | -61.7 | -60.9 | -62.7 | -64.2 | -69.1 | -66.6 | -66.6 | -67.2 | -66.1 | -63.7 | -64.6 | -63.4 | -63.8 | -64.9 | -67.7 | -68.5 | -68.1 | -64.5 | -60.8 | -59.6 | -65 | -66.8 | -67.4 | -69.6 | -69.5 | |
| Purchase unit prices DI: construction | -77.3 | -80.9 | -84.1 | -85.2 | -79.5 | -67.5 | -63 | -64 | -63.1 | -66.7 | -65.5 | -66.2 | -69.2 | -70.7 | -68.1 | -71.3 | -72 | -70.3 | -67.6 | -70.1 | -68.7 | -68.8 | -67 | -68.2 | -71.9 | -70.8 | -71.6 | -76.6 | -73.4 | -69.5 | -70 | -68 | -71.2 | -72.8 | -72.9 | -73.3 | -74.8 | |
| Purchase unit prices DI: manufacturing | -72.6 | -73.8 | -74.7 | -76.8 | -70.1 | -59.9 | -52 | -57.4 | -57 | -58.8 | -56.2 | -54 | -55.5 | -54.3 | -57.5 | -58.3 | -67 | -65.2 | -63.2 | -59.8 | -61.9 | -58.3 | -60.7 | -58.7 | -59.3 | -62.5 | -64.8 | -63.3 | -61.5 | -56.6 | -52.3 | -49.9 | -59.8 | -64.5 | -64.1 | -66.3 | -67.6 | |
| Purchase unit prices DI: wholesale | -66.7 | -68.8 | -70 | -72.8 | -62.4 | -62.1 | -53.5 | -60.4 | -52.8 | -61.5 | -64.4 | -60.2 | -55 | -57 | -59.2 | -55.1 | -69 | -67.1 | -68 | -68.7 | -69.3 | -61.6 | -63.9 | -63.5 | -60.2 | -62.7 | -64.4 | -67.4 | -66.4 | -63.4 | -59.8 | -56.1 | -60.1 | -63.1 | -64.7 | -68.2 | -59.6 | |
| Purchase unit prices DI: retail | -71.3 | -70.9 | -72.2 | -76.1 | -74 | -70.2 | -61.4 | -59.1 | -65 | -67.8 | -68.4 | -70.8 | -65.1 | -65.2 | -64 | -67 | -69.7 | -67.9 | -71 | -72.8 | -71.8 | -69.3 | -70.3 | -68.7 | -69.6 | -66.8 | -72 | -72.1 | -73.5 | -73.2 | -67 | -64.9 | -71.4 | -72.2 | -70.7 | -73.9 | -74.5 | |
| Purchase unit prices DI: services | -66 | -68.6 | -68.7 | -71.1 | -68 | -61.6 | -56.1 | -61.9 | -59.3 | -62.1 | -64.5 | -59.1 | -63.1 | -59.5 | -65.1 | -67.1 | -68.7 | -64.5 | -65.3 | -67.4 | -63 | -62.5 | -62.8 | -60.8 | -60.3 | -63.3 | -66.5 | -66 | -67.9 | -62.8 | -59.3 | -61.4 | -63.3 | -62.6 | -65.7 | -67.9 | -68.8 | |
| Selling unit prices DI: all industries5 | 37.2 | 37.5 | 39.1 | 32.6 | 36.8 | 31.8 | 30.5 | 31.7 | 31.1 | 32.3 | 32.7 | 30.9 | 30.6 | 30.7 | 32 | 33.8 | 36.4 | 32.9 | 31.9 | 31.6 | 32.5 | 30.6 | 33.2 | 30.2 | 30.8 | 31.1 | 30.6 | 34.1 | 33.1 | 32.6 | 30.7 | 29.6 | 33.6 | 33.9 | 33.6 | 35.4 | 34.8 | |
| Selling unit prices DI: construction | 40.5 | 41.7 | 42.4 | 34.5 | 40.6 | 32.5 | 32.7 | 31.4 | 27.9 | 34.6 | 32.9 | 30.2 | 32 | 32.6 | 31.9 | 35.5 | 39.9 | 33.4 | 31.4 | 29.6 | 31.7 | 29.7 | 31.6 | 30.2 | 29.1 | 28 | 31.5 | 31.2 | 33 | 26.8 | 25.1 | 25.6 | 28.5 | 29.1 | 28.3 | 25.4 | 30.6 | |
| Selling unit prices DI: manufacturing | 34 | 34.2 | 35.5 | 30.5 | 31.7 | 25.3 | 24.2 | 27.9 | 29.7 | 26.3 | 31.1 | 28.3 | 26.2 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 29.8 | 29.5 | 27.6 | 26 | 25.9 | 26.3 | 23.5 | 26.8 | 25.1 | 26.8 | 26 | 26.2 | 29.9 | 26.6 | 30.2 | 27.9 | 25.9 | 34.9 | 32.1 | 31.8 | 37.6 | 33 | |
| Selling unit prices DI: wholesale | 48.2 | 47.1 | 54.1 | 41.5 | 42.3 | 43 | 32.6 | 42.1 | 37.7 | 38.5 | 40.3 | 40.3 | 35.4 | 37.9 | 37.4 | 34.3 | 49.2 | 51.4 | 45.9 | 44.2 | 49.1 | 38.8 | 37.4 | 43 | 40.7 | 37.8 | 39 | 38.3 | 40.4 | 38 | 34.2 | 34.4 | 39.9 | 41.5 | 44.5 | 45.9 | 42.1 | |
| Selling unit prices DI: retail | 46.4 | 46.8 | 47.6 | 42.3 | 49.3 | 44.4 | 43 | 39.1 | 40.4 | 43.8 | 41.8 | 39.9 | 41.1 | 39.3 | 38.9 | 44.7 | 46.5 | 42.4 | 43.3 | 44.9 | 45.9 | 44.8 | 49.9 | 41.3 | 42.9 | 43.9 | 43.1 | 46.5 | 43.8 | 48.2 | 46.4 | 42.5 | 42.8 | 46.4 | 45.3 | 48.8 | 48 | |
| Selling unit prices DI: services | 27.1 | 27.4 | 28 | 22.5 | 27.7 | 22.9 | 24.6 | 25.4 | 24.5 | 25 | 23.6 | 22.6 | 23.6 | 20.5 | 27 | 27.8 | 27 | 22.2 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.2 | 23.6 | 25.8 | 21 | 22.4 | 25.5 | 21.4 | 28.5 | 27.9 | 23.8 | 22.8 | 23.3 | 25.5 | 25.1 | 23.8 | 24 | 25.1 | |
| Employees DI: all industries5 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 19.1 | 20 | 21.7 | 21.5 | 21.8 | 22.5 | 22.4 | 22.7 | 21 | 21.1 | 19.8 | 21.7 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 22.1 | 22.7 | 22 | 24.3 | 22.2 | 22.7 | 23.1 | 22.1 | 22.2 | 22 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 23 | 24.1 | 21.7 | 22.5 | 23.7 | 24.6 | 23.3 | 22.8 | 22.1 | |
| Employees DI: construction | 37.1 | 36.4 | 37.2 | 38.4 | 36.4 | 41.2 | 38.3 | 39 | 39.3 | 43 | 37 | 34.2 | 34.5 | 36.5 | 37.5 | 34.9 | 34.5 | 37.5 | 37.1 | 38.7 | 38.9 | 39.3 | 37.5 | 38.9 | 35.3 | 37.7 | 35.5 | 33 | 32.4 | 35.8 | 35.8 | 33.3 | 38.2 | 37.5 | 35.4 | 34 | 33.1 | |
| Employees DI: manufacturing | 12.2 | 13.5 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 13.2 | 15.2 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 12.7 | 10.7 | 12.7 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.1 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 13.1 | 13.6 | 11.1 | 14.5 | 14.3 | 15.8 | 13.2 | 13.5 | 13.8 | |
| Employees DI: wholesale | 14.4 | 12.7 | 10.5 | 15.2 | 18.3 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 16.2 | 16.5 | 12.6 | 16.5 | 12.4 | 10.5 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 13.1 | 14 | 19.8 | 15.2 | 20.2 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 16.8 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 15 | 16.5 | 13.9 | 14.9 | 19.7 | 13.2 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 19.4 | 16.4 | 16.3 | 13.6 | |
| Employees DI: retail | 16.4 | 15.9 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 17.1 | 15.6 | 17.1 | 14.3 | 17 | 15.8 | 22.1 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 17.7 | 17 | 18.5 | 23.1 | 19.7 | 20.4 | 20.9 | 20 | 20.4 | 19.8 | 18.4 | 20.3 | 22.1 | 21.9 | 20.4 | 20.9 | 20.3 | 20.6 | 20.9 | 19.2 | 16.4 | |
| Employees DI: services | 21.6 | 23.3 | 21.9 | 24.8 | 26.7 | 25.7 | 25 | 28.8 | 28.9 | 29 | 27 | 28 | 26.5 | 23.6 | 28.6 | 26.5 | 30.7 | 30 | 27.5 | 28.2 | 29.2 | 29.3 | 28.8 | 26.7 | 28 | 26.4 | 28.1 | 28.1 | 30.7 | 30.8 | 28.8 | 27.2 | 29.4 | 30.9 | 31.3 | 30.7 | 32 |
Latest reading
Business conditions DI: all industries stood at −20.2 in Aug 2026. That is +1 from Jul 2026 and −1.4 from a year earlier. The series on this page is monthly and runs from Apr 1989 to Aug 2026.
- Latest
- −20.2
- Aug 2026
- vs previous period
- +1
- Jul 2026
- vs a year earlier
- −1.4
About this data
Monthly early business survey by the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry among member firms of local chambers of commerce, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises, since April 1989. Diffusion indexes for business conditions, sales, profitability, cash position, purchase and selling unit prices and employees (a positive employees DI means a labour shortage), for all industries and for construction, manufacturing, wholesale, retail and services. Source: Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JCCI), LOBO survey.
