European Economic Sentiment Index (ESI)

Name: European Economic Sentiment Index (ESI)
Creator: Eurostat
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Monthly Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI) and business and consumer survey indices from the European Commission (DG ECFIN), available continuously since 1980.

Source: EurostatLast updated: Aug 28, 2026, 23:48Curated by Bui Thanh PhucAbout this data ↓

Indicator	08-2026	07-2026	06-2026	05-2026	04-2026	03-2026	02-2026	01-2026	12-2025	11-2025	10-2025	09-2025	08-2025	07-2025	06-2025	05-2025	04-2025	03-2025	02-2025	01-2025	12-2024	11-2024	10-2024	09-2024	08-2024	07-2024	06-2024	05-2024	04-2024	03-2024	02-2024	01-2024	12-2023	11-2023	10-2023	09-2023	08-2023
Economic Sentiment Index (ESI)29
Euro area	98.4	97.1	95.6	94.2	93.7	96.8	98.3	99.1	96.8	97.2	97.1	95.9	95.4	96	94.6	95.9	94.8	95.6	96.3	95.2	93.8	96	96.3	96.1	96.6	96.1	96.4	96.5	96.3	96.2	95.2	95.6	96.7	94.1	93.7	93.8	94.1
European Union	98.2	97.2	95.6	94.2	93.9	96.6	98.2	98.9	97	97	96.7	95.8	95.1	95.6	94.6	95.6	94.9	95.8	96.7	95.6	94.4	96.2	96.3	96.3	96.5	96.2	96.6	96.5	96.6	96.1	95.2	95.7	96.2	93.7	93.1	93	93.5
Germany	94.1	92.8	91.7	90	88.9	92.7	92.7	92.9	89.9	91.3	91.6	90.7	91.3	92.4	91.4	92.3	91.1	89.8	89.8	88.3	86.8	89.4	90.8	90.4	91.4	92.9	93	93.2	92.6	90.8	90	90.4	92.9	90.3	90.6	90.2	89.9
France	98.1	95.8	93.6	94.2	92.8	95.6	99	101	94.5	95.4	94.9	93.1	92.6	92.6	90.2	93.5	97.1	96.5	98.5	95.8	92.9	96.5	93.9	98.2	99.1	95.4	98.2	99.2	95.9	101.3	97.7	97.9	95.8	96.1	94.2	96.7	93.8
Italy	100.5	99.7	99.4	98.1	98	100.7	101.9	102.5	101.2	101.8	100.6	99.2	98.4	99.6	99.2	99.1	96.1	97.6	99.5	99.7	98.1	98.9	99.2	99.9	98.8	100	99.7	100.8	100.3	100.9	99	100.5	99.2	97.2	97.2	97.8	100
Spain	102.1	104.3	103.4	102.7	102.7	103.6	106	106	104.4	104.8	103.7	104.3	101.4	102.4	101.6	102.9	102.4	103	102.3	104.3	103.3	102.5	100.6	107.2	105	104	102.3	101.3	104.6	102	102.2	102.5	101	98.4	100.3	98.4	101.9
Netherlands	102.8	102.9	101.6	97.5	98.3	100.8	102.3	102.5	100.2	99.9	100.1	100.1	100.8	97.1	97.3	97	98.1	100.2	100.3	99.1	100.1	100.3	98.9	101.3	100.7	99.8	100	99.5	98.4	97.6	98.5	96.6	94.6	95.9	93.2	93.5	93.3
Belgium	89.8	88.8	91.1	89.5	88.1	89.4	92	92.5	90.2	95.6	95.6	95.9	95.1	95.1	97.6	96	88.2	92	94.5	93.8	89.4	94.3	92.7	90.8	93.4	91.7	95.9	93.9	93.9	95.9	95.3	90.7	96.9	89.6	86	89.7	87.8
Ireland	99.7	97.4	96.5	93.4	94.8	99.4	99.5	100.1	100.6	95.6	98.4	98.1	97.3	100.4	98.6	97.7	95.3	102.6	102.5	100.6	98.8	102.6	105.9	97	100	100.8	100.3	97.8	100.1	97.7	98.2	99.3	100.2	98.2	98.2	100	100.9
Austria	93.8	92.9	87.7	90.5	88.4	91.8	93.1	94.8	94.7	92.6	92	88.6	93.4	92.9	91	92.2	89.6	90	91.5	89	84.8	87.7	88.7	87.6	87.2	87.7	88	91.7	92	88.4	88.8	87.5	85.9	81.9	84.3	81.9	85
Finland	104.2	102.6	100.7	98.3	94.7	94.7	96.8	97	96	95	94.9	98.8	97.4	95.2	93.3	92.4	94	93.4	93.5	92.7	92.3	93.4	91.8	88.3	90.3	89.4	88.9	85.9	83.6	87.6	88.3	89.3	83.4	82.4	82.7	81.1	85.7
Portugal	101.8	102.9	102.9	101.6	100.3	103.5	104.2	103.4	106.2	105.4	103.5	103.9	105.7	105.2	105.9	104.9	101.3	102	102.9	106	105.2	105.5	104.9	103.3	100.2	100.6	99.7	99.9	100.6	99.6	98.8	96.1	94.7	94.6	93.6	94.8	96.1
Greece	106.9	107.5	108.1	107.5	105.9	107	107.7	105.3	106.8	105.7	107.1	105.9	109.7	108.5	105.6	106.7	107.1	107.4	106.1	107.9	106	106.4	107.3	110	105.6	105.9	109.5	110	108.1	108.1	104.3	106.6	104.9	104.5	104.7	106	110.7
Slovakia	90.7	95.9	93.2	94.1	94.2	92.3	93.1	94.1	97.5	91.6	89	95.8	99.3	95	93.4	91.2	93.1	96.5	96	97	100.2	92.3	93	99.6	100.9	101.2	104.5	95.9	96.8	100.6	98.7	97.4	94.6	94.9	93.7	96.1	92.3
Bulgaria	96.8	94.7	95	95.5	94.4	97.2	98.5	100.4	99.9	101	101.2	102.9	103.1	103.1	103.8	103.3	102.5	105.1	104.6	104.2	105.4	105.2	106.7	107.1	105.2	104.9	105.8	104.4	104	104.7	102.6	105.3	106.7	104.7	106.1	104.9	104.5
Luxembourg	102.2	102.9	95.8	97.2	96	97.9	99.5	91.7	95.8	100.1	92.4	97	94	99	96.8	104.2	99	94.5	97.7	98.4	93.2	96.9	98.7	100.3	90.1	89.5	96.1	96.6	96.2	95.8	94.5	96.1	91	89.6	96.8	93.2	93.6
Croatia	104.5	104.4	103.9	103.4	103.9	106.6	105.5	106	107.7	106.7	106	104.5	105	103.2	104.4	104.4	103.3	102.8	104.8	105.4	106.3	105.6	105.3	106.9	107.5	106.1	104.9	107.2	107	111.6	109	109.7	108.3	107.4	105.3	104.2	101.8
Lithuania	103.2	103.2	102.1	103	102.8	101.3	103.3	104.3	104.8	103.2	102.6	102	103.4	101.7	101.8	101.3	101.7	101.1	101.1	102.5	105.2	105.3	103.4	101.9	101.7	100.5	100.3	100.3	98.2	97	95.8	97.3	98.8	95.5	95.6	95.7	93.7
Slovenia	99.3	100.8	100.1	98.1	95.1	98.5	97.5	102.2	102	100.2	98.9	99.6	98.7	96.7	95.8	98.5	98.2	98.9	97.8	96.8	97.5	97	95.9	96.9	97.7	97.8	98.6	97.7	97.8	95.9	96.1	96.8	96	94.1	93.3	93.8	91.7
Latvia	100.3	100.3	96.5	97.4	98	100.8	100.6	99.5	100.8	101.3	100.8	98.8	97.3	99.6	99.3	98.7	98.2	98.1	98.4	97.2	97.9	98.4	97.7	98.5	97.5	96.2	97.5	97.8	98.4	97.9	97.8	96.4	95.8	93.9	94	96.9	95.2
Estonia					89.7	91	93.4	93.5	93.5	93	92.2	91.4	89.4	89.3	88.5	89.3	90.9	91.3	89.8	89.1	88.6	88.9	86.2	87.5	87.1	89.4	86.4	84.6	84	85.3	83.1	84.5	82.2	82.8	82.1	83.3	85.8
Cyprus	103.1	101.7	102.4	101.5	97.6	99	105.2	104.8	106.7	105.9	106	105.3	105.3	106.6	104.9	106.1	106.6	106.1	107.6	105.4	108	105.7	105.2	105.1	105.2	104	103.7	103.8	103.2	99.9	102.4	103.7	102.9	104.4	103.5	104.3	106.4
Malta					107.5	114.8	112	121.8	119.1	111.7	112.1	114.3	104	98.3	107.3	98.5	108.6	108.9	95.7	97.4	91.6	109	102.3	85.3	99.5	98	98	97.4	96.5	96.2	89.6	95.7	103.3	95.4	102	118.8	102.5
Poland	99.6	100.1	100.2	99.8	99.3	99.7	101.6	100.9	99.4	99.4	98.1	99.2	97.9	98.8	99.4	98	97.8	98.6	97.7	96.2	97.6	97.2	96.8	98.3	97.7	97.8	98.7	98.2	100.6	99.6	99.5	99	97.4	96.6	94.9	93.3	92
Sweden	104	104.3	102.8	100.3	99.1	100.1	100.4	102.1	101.7	99.5	98.9	97.1	96.7	95.1	94.7	95.7	93.4	94.6	97.7	96.7	95.8	96.5	92.7	94.8	95.8	95.4	97.2	95.5	94.8	93.8	92.9	91.2	85.7	86.6	85.7	86.5	86.6
Romania	92.6	92.8	91.8	91.8	91.3	92	93.8	92.3	93.1	94.2	91.9	94.1	94.2	94.5	96.7	99.3	101	102.7	100.8	99.7	102.5	105.4	105.8	103.2	104	102.6	104.5	103	105.2	103.7	101.5	102.4	102.4	100.9	100.5	100.7	100.7
Czechia	101.1	102.5	101.4	102.4	101.1	100.3	100	101.5	98.9	100.6	103.3	102.1	102.6	97.8	98.5	101.3	95.5	100.4	98.5	96.4	97.7	96.4	93.9	97.5	92.1	94.9	96.3	93.9	92.7	92.3	89.4	91.3	92.2	89.6	90.6	86.3	91.6
Denmark	91.6	90.1	88.5	89.6	89.7	91.8	89	91.9	90	89.6	89.1	92.9	90.3	91.1	93	93.5	95.9	100.6	103.3	105.7	104.3	105.7	104.3	105.5	100.5	102.3	103.8	104.4	97.3	97.9	98.4	97.7	94.1	90.3	93.7	90.2	95.2
Hungary	101	104.5	100.9	99.3	99.8	95.7	96.6	95.2	100	95.4	96.8	97.3	91.9	90	93.3	91.9	93.7	95.6	93.8	91.4	91.8	95	96.5	98.6	99.4	99.4	102.1	98.7	99	99.1	96.3	99.8	98.2	95.9	92.3	93.7	96.4
Industrial confidence (balance of opinion)29
Euro area	-5.3	-6.1	-7.5	-7.7	-7.5	-6.9	-7.3	-6.9	-8.7	-9.1	-8.2	-10	-10	-10.1	-11.2	-9.7	-10.6	-10.4	-10.8	-12.2	-14	-10.8	-12.5	-11.3	-10.2	-10.7	-10	-10.3	-10.4	-9.6	-9.9	-9.8	-8.7	-9.6	-9.3	-8.6	-10
European Union	-6	-6.4	-7.5	-8.1	-7.6	-7.4	-7.6	-7.3	-8.7	-9.2	-8.6	-9.9	-10.2	-10.2	-10.9	-9.9	-10.1	-9.9	-10	-11.4	-12.9	-10.4	-11.9	-10.8	-10	-10.3	-9.9	-10.1	-9.9	-9.6	-9.6	-9.4	-8.5	-9.4	-9.1	-8.9	-9.5
Germany	-11	-12.9	-13.3	-15.4	-14.4	-14.6	-15.3	-17.4	-20.8	-18.9	-18.2	-20.3	-19.6	-18.1	-20.4	-17.3	-19.5	-20.9	-23.1	-25.3	-28.6	-22.6	-23.4	-22.7	-20.2	-19	-17.1	-17.9	-18.3	-16.9	-18.2	-16.2	-14.3	-15.4	-15	-13.7	-15.7
France	-3.6	-6.1	-7.9	-6.6	-8.2	-7.9	-5.7	-1.3	-8.7	-8.5	-6.5	-10.3	-10.3	-11.5	-12.4	-10.3	-6.1	-8.7	-7.9	-11.4	-11.6	-9.4	-14.9	-7.4	-4.5	-9.3	-7.9	-8.6	-7.9	-3.5	-5.5	-8.7	-9.4	-9.2	-9.3	-7.7	-11.5
Italy	-4.8	-5.4	-6	-6.6	-6.7	-5.9	-6.4	-5.8	-6.5	-5.6	-6.7	-7.8	-7.9	-7	-7.3	-8	-8.7	-8.4	-8.2	-8.4	-9.4	-9.1	-9.2	-8.5	-8.4	-7.7	-7.8	-6.1	-6.4	-6.3	-7.5	-7.1	-7.8	-7.4	-7.4	-6.8	-6.1
Spain	-3.7	-2.5	-3.1	-4.1	-4.9	-4.3	-2.4	-2.6	-3.6	-3.6	-4.6	-4.5	-5.8	-4.8	-6.3	-5	-4.5	-5.1	-6	-4.1	-4.9	-5.5	-7.8	-0.9	-3.8	-4.4	-6	-6.5	-3.7	-5.5	-4.5	-4.8	-6.5	-9.9	-8.1	-9.1	-6.8
Netherlands	2.9	2.2	1.6	-1.5	-0.2	0	-0.6	0.6	-1.2	-2.3	-1.6	-2	-2.5	-4.7	-4.3	-3.2	-2.7	-1.2	-1.2	-2	-1.8	-2.4	-3.9	-2.5	-2	-2.7	-2	-2	-3	-4.5	-4	-4.4	-6	-3	-4.5	-4.6	-4.6
Belgium	-16.2	-16	-13.5	-11.2	-12.3	-14.2	-14.9	-12.5	-14.3	-14	-12.4	-11.3	-11.2	-14	-9.5	-11.1	-14.3	-13.2	-13.4	-16.2	-19.8	-17.3	-20.4	-19.6	-18.3	-15.9	-12.3	-12.5	-16.2	-12.4	-17	-20.5	-16.9	-21.6	-20	-19.4	-20.9
Ireland	9.9	9.6	6.6	9.9	13.6	19.5	10.6	14.4	13.1	3.6	13.1	8.3	10.3	6.5	10.3	9.5	3.6	16	12.8	14.4	3.9	14.2	12.8	4.3	10.9	9	8.8	5	7.5	4.1	6.2	6.9	11.8	9.4	7.9	12.2	10.8
Austria	-8.7	-9.4	-13.8	-11.8	-12.6	-12.5	-15	-11.9	-13	-13.3	-14.4	-18.3	-15.3	-14.6	-15.6	-13.4	-14.5	-16.5	-15.9	-19.3	-22.9	-20.5	-19.7	-22.9	-22.2	-20	-21.7	-17.2	-16.6	-20.4	-16.9	-15.8	-19.2	-20	-17.1	-19	-17.8
Finland	4.7	6.4	4.2	4.3	2.1	1	3.1	-0.3	-0.9	-6	-4.4	2.6	-1.3	-5.2	-8.7	-9	-8.7	-4.5	-6.6	-6.9	-9.2	-7.1	-10.8	-13.1	-9.3	-11.8	-13.3	-12	-15.3	-13	-11.1	-13.7	-19.1	-20.5	-19.5	-22.2	-19.4
Portugal	-5	-4.2	-4.3	-4.5	-4.1	-1.8	-2.3	-3.6	-0.8	-0.2	-5.3	-3.3	-2.9	-3.1	-3.1	-4.3	-4.4	-5.3	-5.6	-5.5	-4.7	-4.8	-4	-3.9	-5.7	-7.4	-5.2	-5.9	-6.7	-6.9	-6.4	-8.2	-9.8	-8.2	-10.6	-9.9	-9.8
Greece	3.7	2.8	4.6	8	2.7	3.3	4.2	2.7	5.6	2.6	3.7	3.1	10.8	9.4	3.2	4.9	6.3	5.2	3.6	5.5	1.9	5.5	2.3	8.4	-3	-1.5	3.8	3.4	2.1	4.7	-4.5	-1.8	-5.4	-4.8	-4.6	-1.4	3.8
Slovakia	-13	1.4	-7.7	-1.1	3.2	0.6	-3.4	-0.4	3.7	-8.3	-10.2	-2.9	5.7	-3.7	-6.3	-6.6	-7	-3.7	-4.1	-2.2	3.3	-1.8	-3.7	-1.6	2.2	0.5	5.6	-0.2	-3.9	-0.6	-6.8	-5.9	-5.6	-3.1	-6.2	-6.3	-3.1
Bulgaria	-4	-4.2	-5.2	-2.3	-2.6	-1.5	-3.3	-1.4	1	-1.1	-1.9	-0.4	-1.1	-1.5	-0.2	0.6	0	1.6	1.1	1.7	1.5	2.4	0.7	-0.3	-0.3	-0.9	-1	-0.4	-0.9	-0.9	-1.7	-1.6	0.2	-1.8	1.4	-0.2	-1.8
Luxembourg	-12.1	-9.5	-18.5	-17.5	-19.7	-13.9	-19.3	-31.3	-24.8	-21.2	-28.1	-20.7	-27.5	-15.4	-15.5	-6.7	-7.9	-19.1	-17.3	-17	-22.6	-11.3	-13.1	-10.1	-25.3	-29.2	-19.5	-17.2	-20.4	-20.7	-19.5	-18.2	-27.9	-25.8	-10.3	-20.8	-21.4
Croatia	2.4	-1.2	-0.2	1.6	5.4	4.7	-0.3	1.3	4.7	4.4	2.6	3.9	-0.5	2.7	1.6	2.9	0.8	-1.1	-0.2	3.9	-0.4	-1.1	3.2	3.4	6	1.6	1.2	-0.7	-0.1	8.4	3.4	7.1	5.9	5.9	6	2.3	0.1
Lithuania	-8.2	-7.9	-8.1	-6.9	-4.9	-5.1	-5.3	-5	-4.2	-5.6	-8.4	-7.8	-6.9	-7.3	-8.1	-8.1	-7.5	-7.2	-7.4	-7.9	-5.1	-4	-4.7	-6.9	-7.9	-9.2	-10.4	-9	-8.5	-9.3	-9.7	-8.6	-9.1	-12.5	-13.8	-14.4	-17.2
Slovenia	-3.4	-2.6	-4.3	-5.7	-8.5	-7.7	-7.7	-3	-2.8	-4.6	-7	-5.2	-5.6	-7.3	-9.9	-7.8	-6.2	-6.6	-6.3	-8	-7.2	-8.3	-9	-7.6	-7	-6.4	-6.6	-6.8	-7.5	-8.7	-10	-7.5	-7.2	-8.5	-10.9	-10.6	-10.1
Latvia	-3.3	-3.5	-4.1	-4.4	-3.7	-3.1	-4	-4.1	-3.9	-3.3	-4.2	-3.4	-5	-3.2	-3.3	-3.8	-5.2	-5.5	-6	-7	-4.8	-5.5	-6.7	-7.3	-7.9	-8.6	-6.8	-7.1	-5.8	-5.4	-6	-8.3	-9.8	-8.4	-8.4	-7.6	-7.7
Estonia					-10.3	-10.4	-10.1	-9.5	-9.1	-9.6	-9.6	-10.3	-11.6	-10	-11.9	-10.4	-8.3	-9.8	-9.8	-10.4	-11.5	-9.9	-14.9	-13	-12.7	-13.7	-15.6	-18.8	-20.1	-18.9	-21.7	-20.1	-20.9	-23.1	-21.5	-22.7	-19.6
Cyprus	-4.4	-6.1	-4.3	-4.5	-5.9	2.4	3.2	-0.8	3.4	3.6	2.6	4.4	2.7	2.7	0.5	1.3	1.1	-2.3	0.8	-0.5	1.6	-1.9	-2.7	2.2	-0.5	-1.6	-0.8	1.1	0.8	-6.1	-1.4	-0.5	-0.5	-3.3	0.4	-1.3	1.4
Malta					-1.8	8.8	16.7	11.2	12	-3.1	6.6	3.5	-6	-5.8	8.6	-17	18.2	15.5	-16.3	-26.6	-24.3	7	-10.4	-38	-6.9	-8.2	-8.7	-10.3	-12.2	-11	-37.9	-13.6	-2.8	-4.7	0.3	44.4	9.1
Poland	-15	-15.2	-14.5	-14.9	-13.7	-15.1	-14.3	-14.3	-15.5	-14.9	-15.6	-15.3	-16.5	-15.9	-15.4	-15.8	-16	-15	-16.1	-16.4	-16.9	-17.1	-17.8	-16.6	-16.8	-17.3	-17.4	-17.1	-16.4	-15.9	-16.2	-17	-17.1	-16.5	-17.7	-18.4	-18.9
Sweden	5.4	5.8	5.7	1.1	0	0.6	-2.5	0	1.4	-2.4	-3.2	-3.2	-3.6	-6.8	-3	-1.6	-3.2	-3.8	-3.3	-6.7	-5.8	-5.7	-11.5	-8.9	-4	-6.4	-3.6	-2.8	-1.6	-2	0	-0.3	-5.9	-1	-0.2	0	-0.8
Romania	-2.5	-2.8	-2.9	-2.6	-3.2	-3	-1.5	-2.2	-2.1	-2.2	-2.7	-1.8	-2.1	-1.9	-1.5	-2	-1.1	-0.2	-1.9	-2.1	-2.5	-0.4	0.6	-1.2	-0.6	-0.7	-0.7	-0.1	0.3	-0.6	-1	-0.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.7	-0.5	-0.8
Czechia	-2.2	-1.1	-4.2	-1.6	-3.3	-3.4	-5.5	-7.7	-7.9	-7.2	-2.5	-6	-5.2	-8.6	-7.4	-5.3	-7.7	-3.5	-5.6	-6.4	-9.6	-9.1	-8.9	-6	-6.6	-8.2	-6.5	-10.9	-9.4	-9	-12.5	-8.9	-4.6	-6.9	-6.4	-15.1	-8.5
Denmark	-18.5	-17.6	-17.1	-14.4	-15.8	-18.5	-21.1	-19.3	-19.9	-18.3	-18.1	-12.4	-14.5	-15.2	-11.5	-8.8	-4.9	1.5	2.7	5.1	2.6	2.1	2.3	3.7	-2.1	-0.8	0.5	3.5	-3.7	-3.6	-6.1	-5	-8.3	-15.3	-6.4	-12	-5.6
Hungary	-8.2	-1.7	-8.3	-8	-7.1	-11	-8.5	-11.1	-7.6	-11.4	-8.9	-8.9	-11.2	-14.7	-10.8	-13.5	-10.5	-13	-11	-15.3	-16	-13.6	-10.3	-10.9	-10.4	-10.2	-7.2	-11.3	-9.7	-5.9	-11.6	-8.9	-7.1	-8.3	-12.2	-8.9	-5.9
Services confidence (balance of opinion)27
Euro area	5.8	5.1	4.5	3.8	2.7	5.6	5.5	6.8	5.2	5.4	4	3.9	3.3	3.9	3.1	3	3.5	3.3	5.2	4.9	5.1	4.7	6.9	6.3	6.3	5.3	6.6	7.4	6.8	6.8	5.7	7.3	7.5	5.5	5.2	4.9	5.2
European Union	6.6	5.5	4.9	4	2.9	6	6.3	7.7	6.2	6.2	4.7	4.4	4.2	4.5	3.5	3.2	3.5	3.5	5.6	5.4	5.6	4.9	6.9	6.4	5.9	5.2	7.1	7.4	7.3	6.5	5.3	7.1	6.8	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.4
Germany	5.5	4.3	2.5	2	-1	5.9	3.5	5.4	2.8	4.2	3.3	1.3	4.3	3.9	4.5	2.2	3.5	1.3	5.6	4	2.6	3.1	6.2	6.5	5.3	7.7	7.5	8.3	6.4	3.3	4	5.9	7.3	4.8	4.2	2.1	2.4
France	-2.9	-2.8	-2.3	-2.1	-2.4	-1.5	-0.8	-0.6	-1.6	-2.4	-4.1	-2	-6.6	-3.9	-7	-6	-2.7	-4.8	-1.6	-2.8	-2.5	-2.7	-0.1	-3.2	-3.3	-4.5	0.1	3.2	-2.6	1.1	-3.4	-0.1	-1.8	-0.9	-1.3	-1.4	-1.6
Italy	7.3	5.8	4.8	4.4	5.9	8	7.4	8.8	5.2	4.5	2.9	2.9	2.6	1.2	2.6	2	-1.1	0	2.5	3.9	4.5	0.8	2.6	6.7	5	3.6	4.6	5.2	6.9	6.1	5.3	7.6	7	2	4.3	3.4	5.5
Netherlands	4.2	4.1	3.8	3.6	0.2	4.6	4.7	6.7	4.7	6	5.4	5.5	7.1	5.7	4.9	3.1	5.2	5	5.3	4.9	6.2	6.2	6.3	5.5	5	5.3	5.3	4.6	4.1	5	5.2	5.2	4.3	3.2	3.3	5.5	3.4
Belgium	2.2	2.3	0.8	-1.5	-8.7	-0.9	7.1	1.1	-6.3	5.1	7.5	-3.4	-1.6	2.2	3.5	-0.2	-8	-2.2	-1.1	7.4	-1.7	7.4	4.8	3.3	8.9	-1.1	1.6	-0.1	5.2	3.3	10.6	4.9	12.2	5.7	-4.7	4.5	-1.4
Ireland	20.5	19.1	15.9	6.1	4.3	12	24.9	19.7	24.8	16.1	9.8	16.6	15.2	26.3	17.9	18.8	18.9	24.8	26.7	13.4	25	18.7	34.2	14.7	17.4	25.6	27	24.6	30.7	24.8	22.4	24.8	25.1	21.5	26.9	27.3	31.6
Austria	1.8	3	-2.6	0.5	0.9	4.7	8.6	13.7	11.3	5.9	7.3	2.6	5.6	9.6	5.1	7.3	1.3	3.8	5.7	4.7	0.5	4	3.2	5.4	0.6	0.6	1.8	5.7	4.4	3.9	1	-0.3	-3.6	-5.3	-3.1	-5.6	0.1
Finland	16.2	10.7	7.9	3.7	1.2	-0.6	3.4	6.6	-0.6	5.1	3.1	2.8	6.2	3.5	4.8	2.1	1.4	1.8	2.2	0.2	1.9	2.7	2.1	0.7	0.8	3.4	1.1	-3.6	-4.3	-5.2	-3.2	-1	-1.2	-6.2	-5.9	-4.4	-0.9
Portugal	7.9	7.5	9.4	8.9	7.1	7.9	7.5	4.1	8.2	6	7.8	8.6	12.1	10.7	12.7	11.4	4.8	5.2	8.2	15.9	15.1	14.5	12.5	4.6	1.5	2.5	1	3.1	7.1	7.6	5.6	3.6	3	1	-0.4	3.1	5.4
Greece	25.7	31.3	38	22.7	27.9	27.9	33.3	31	31.3	35.3	34.8	29.8	29.6	28.4	27.1	29.3	30.3	28.1	27.6	31.5	33	26.4	41	42.2	40.4	36.7	46.5	48.6	45.8	39.6	37.4	37.3	40.5	36.4	31.1	29.9	36.9
Slovakia	11.4	5	13.3	7.5	2.8	-4.2	0.3	0.3	4	4.5	-4.8	3.8	2.4	0.3	-0.4	-3.1	5.8	9.8	13.7	12.4	13.7	-5.5	-1.5	11.5	6.8	11	13.3	-1.8	10.5	19.1	25.3	11.7	6	7.5	8.7	11.8	0.1
Bulgaria	7.1	2.1	6.7	2.7	-2	3.7	6.2	8.9	7.2	10	10.7	10.6	12.3	11.3	11	8.4	9.2	11.6	9.2	10.1	12.9	10.5	13.4	14.7	13.8	14.7	13.1	13.3	13.2	12.7	11.8	15.7	15.2	15.2	13.7	16.2	15.8
Croatia	9.1	11.6	14.2	8.4	10.7	16.7	20.4	21.4	17.1	12.6	16.3	10	20.7	5.8	13.9	17	16.7	15	25.7	18.2	26.5	25.5	15.7	17.6	14.9	17.3	15.5	23.5	24.5	29.1	27.9	25.4	22.4	19.1	13.4	13.8	10.8
Lithuania	12	12.9	10.3	10.2	5	-1	6	8.7	8.6	4.1	7.5	5.7	9.7	5.2	7.8	5.4	4.7	0.5	0.2	5.2	7.6	6.6	0.4	-0.2	0.7	0.3	-0.1	-3.2	-10.6	-11.5	-14.8	-12.6	-4.5	-6.5	-2.3	-1.7	-1.8
Slovenia	13.7	10.9	12.7	14.4	14.6	14.1	13.9	15.6	18	14.9	16.7	14.8	16.2	15.2	15.5	17	18.3	17	17.4	16	14.5	15.4	14.2	17.8	15.6	15.2	15.2	15.8	17.1	17.2	18.8	13.9	13.9	12.8	13.2	14	11.6
Latvia	5.5	3.6	2.2	1.8	1.6	4.3	3.6	4	3.8	3.2	2.4	1.8	0.4	0.2	1	1.6	2.8	2.7	3.4	2.4	1.1	1.1	1.7	2.8	3.9	1.1	3.4	2.5	0.9	2.3	-0.4	1.6	2.7	-0.6	-2.2	2.3	-2.7
Estonia					-4.9	-1.1	4.4	3.8	4.8	4.2	1.9	2.4	-1	-4.7	-8.8	-4.8	-2.2	1.2	-1.5	-2.8	-6.3	-8	-8.1	-9.1	-9.1	-5.2	-10.3	-15.9	-11.7	-7.8	-10.7	-12.4	-17	-13.9	-18.1	-14.4	-9.2
Cyprus	11	8.6	5.4	7.8	-0.3	-9.2	9.1	13.7	12.5	8.3	11.3	4.3	9.6	20	15.2	15.6	21.9	31.8	29	26.3	26.8	27	34.6	19.2	26.4	17.9	23.2	22.5	17.1	15.7	14.9	18.7	11.3	32.4	23.6	31.5	30.6
Malta					31.5	45.5	29.8	59.8	50.8	39.2	38.4	50.7	28.8	6.9	10.9	25.2	12.6	21.2	11.1	29.2	12.9	31.6	32.9	8.7	23.8	18.4	18.6	15.3	16	5.2	16.1	10.7	27.1	4.8	24.3	16.5	8.2
Poland	-2.4	-2.9	-2.8	-2.8	-4.4	-2.4	-1.6	-1.4	-2	-2.6	-3.3	-3.4	-3	-3.5	-3.2	-3.9	-3	-3.2	-3	-5	-2.5	-4.2	-2.9	-3.3	-3.2	-2.7	-2.4	-0.9	-1.2	-1.4	-1.5	-1.6	-2.9	-3.8	-3.6	-5.3	-4.6
Sweden	25.6	25.3	26.3	22.9	23.1	20.8	23.7	25.7	24.8	21.7	20.2	17.6	17.6	19	12	14.8	15.7	13.8	16.5	15.5	14.1	12.1	9.1	12.2	8	12.4	15	10.2	8.1	6.6	2.2	1.9	-2.7	-4.5	-3.4	0.6	-0.1
Romania	-1.8	-2.1	0.1	-3.7	-1.5	-2	-0.9	-1.2	-0.2	0.2	-1.3	-0.4	0.6	2.2	2.7	3.8	3.4	6.9	4.5	4.6	5.8	6.9	8.1	4.7	6.5	4.4	6.1	6.2	9	7.8	5.1	4.8	5.2	3.8	2.7	1.6	3.6
Czechia	32.8	33	32.9	33.1	31.5	29.7	33.1	36.1	35.1	36.9	37.9	38.2	40.1	32.5	35.2	37.9	28.1	33.3	34.7	32.6	38	34	27.1	31.3	20	28.2	28.8	26.4	25.2	25.5	26.1	25.9	27.2	23.4	23.8	26.3	26.4
Denmark	7.8	6.7	5.7	8.1	6.7	7	6.3	8.4	9	8.2	7.1	7.8	6.2	7.3	6.3	5.4	5.4	5.6	8.1	7.3	7.8	8.3	6.8	5.7	4.6	6	6.4	4.1	3.6	3.3	4.7	2.9	3.3	0.4	1.8	0.7	2.3
Hungary	-8.9	-12.8	-8.4	-12.8	-9.3	-12.6	-16	-13.1	-8.6	-9	-11.4	-11.3	-18.1	-16.3	-17.7	-15	-13.7	-11.2	-14.6	-16	-12.7	-8	-7.5	-5.6	-4.9	-4.5	-2.6	-3.7	-2.9	-3.8	-7.6	-5.2	-7.5	-10.6	-12.1	-14.5	-12.6
Consumer confidence (balance of opinion)29
Euro area	-15.5	-15.9	-17.6	-18.9	-20.5	-16.3	-12.4	-12.5	-13.3	-12.9	-12.7	-13.5	-14.1	-13.5	-13.9	-13.5	-15	-13.2	-12.5	-12.5	-12.6	-12.2	-11.1	-11.6	-12	-11.6	-12.5	-12.7	-12.9	-13.4	-14.2	-14.6	-13.8	-15.7	-16.7	-16.6	-14.7
European Union	-15	-15.1	-17	-18.2	-19.8	-15.8	-12.2	-12.5	-13.1	-12.9	-12.8	-13.6	-14.3	-13.8	-14	-13.7	-15.2	-13.3	-12.5	-12.5	-12.4	-11.9	-11	-11.4	-11.8	-11.5	-12	-12.4	-12.5	-13	-13.9	-14.2	-13.9	-15.7	-16.8	-16.9	-15.2
Germany	-12.7	-13.8	-14.5	-15.9	-17.5	-13.5	-11	-9.9	-12	-11.5	-10.8	-9.2	-10.5	-8.9	-9.8	-9.1	-10.5	-10.3	-11.2	-11.3	-10.2	-10.7	-8.9	-10.8	-10	-8.5	-10.4	-10.5	-10.3	-13.1	-13.7	-16.5	-13.8	-16.3	-15.2	-15.3	-14.8
France	-17.8	-16.9	-19.2	-21.1	-21.8	-17.1	-14.2	-15.7	-16.3	-15.8	-15.5	-19.3	-18.5	-16.9	-17.4	-17.4	-16.3	-14.8	-13.2	-14.1	-17.7	-15.3	-12.8	-11.6	-13	-15.3	-14.4	-13.5	-15.3	-13.4	-14.7	-11.7	-13.5	-13.5	-16.8	-15.9	-14.8
Italy	-20.3	-20.2	-22.1	-21.2	-23.8	-20.1	-15.1	-15.6	-16.6	-16.5	-15.4	-15.7	-16.8	-17	-17.2	-16	-18.8	-16.5	-13.9	-15	-15.8	-14	-15	-15.6	-16.7	-15	-17	-18.5	-18.6	-16.5	-16.3	-16.3	-16.3	-18.3	-19.7	-17.2	-16
Spain	-4.5	-4.5	-5.2	-6.2	-6.2	-3	-1.7	-1.8	-1.9	-1	-0.1	-1	-2.7	-4.5	-2.9	-2.2	-4.2	-2	-1.1	0.5	1.8	0.6	-0.5	0	-2.8	-1	-1.7	-1.8	-1.8	-3.3	-4.8	-6.7	-6.3	-7.1	-7.3	-8.3	-3
Netherlands	-16.8	-15.9	-17.4	-21.9	-23.8	-18.1	-12.2	-12	-10.4	-9.3	-12.9	-13.9	-14	-13.8	-15.5	-16.9	-19.1	-17.4	-16.7	-14	-13.2	-14.2	-12.4	-7.7	-10	-10.7	-11.5	-10.8	-11.3	-10.2	-11.8	-12.9	-12	-15.5	-18.8	-17.8	-16.4
Belgium	-16.3	-15.9	-16.8	-20	-19.8	-18.3	-14.1	-14	-13.9	-11.4	-13.1	-9.7	-12.7	-12.1	-12.8	-14.2	-19	-15.8	-12.5	-13.7	-12.3	-11.3	-8.3	-9.8	-8.3	-9.9	-8.1	-11	-10.2	-11	-12	-11.2	-7.1	-9.9	-12.5	-12.4	-11.7
Ireland	-19.6	-18	-24.4	-22.9	-28.6	-23.4	-15.4	-17	-17.5	-17.6	-18	-16.1	-16.3	-17.6	-14	-17.5	-20.6	-13.8	-12.1	-6.6	-4.7	-3.2	-0.2	-5.1	-7.1	-7.1	-9.5	-12.4	-10.1	-10.1	-9.7	-7.8	-13.9	-14.8	-15.8	-16.9	-14.7
Austria	-18.2	-19.2	-20.8	-20.3	-24.1	-20.3	-13.3	-18.6	-16.1	-17.5	-17.8	-18.7	-14.1	-17	-18.3	-18.5	-21.1	-16.4	-19.2	-19.3	-19.1	-18.4	-15.6	-13.8	-12.9	-14.6	-12.5	-15.1	-13	-16.5	-16.7	-18.8	-17.9	-22	-23.8	-25.1	-22.2
Finland	-3.4	-5.5	-5.3	-10.6	-12.6	-11.5	-10.5	-8.7	-6.6	-6.3	-7.4	-6.9	-7.9	-6.7	-8.6	-8.5	-7.3	-8.2	-8.9	-8.2	-8	-7.2	-6.8	-8.4	-7.5	-7.7	-7.6	-10.3	-12.5	-9.3	-9.4	-9	-12.7	-12.2	-12.5	-11.9	-8.3
Portugal	-20.4	-19.5	-21.9	-26.2	-28.8	-25.4	-17.2	-13.7	-15.2	-15.1	-13.2	-17.4	-17.8	-15.1	-16.1	-15.8	-20.1	-18	-15.1	-15.2	-15.8	-14.4	-14.6	-13.1	-14.4	-12.2	-16.6	-17.4	-16.9	-20.7	-23.3	-23.9	-26.1	-30.6	-27.6	-26.4	-22
Greece	-43.6	-47.8	-52.8	-52.2	-54.7	-52.5	-49.2	-50.3	-47	-50.6	-47.6	-45.6	-48.8	-47.6	-46.9	-42.7	-46.8	-43.8	-42	-43.4	-44.5	-47.3	-50.3	-51.3	-48.1	-43.9	-42.7	-43.8	-41.7	-44.7	-47.2	-46.3	-40.3	-45.6	-44.7	-45	-35.4
Slovakia	-20.9	-21.7	-20.9	-23.8	-25.4	-25.4	-23.4	-25.1	-23.6	-24.1	-23.4	-19.6	-20.1	-19.3	-20.9	-21.8	-22.9	-21.2	-23.5	-23.9	-22	-20.9	-20.8	-14.9	-13.4	-12.9	-12.8	-13	-14.8	-14.6	-16.1	-15.7	-16.3	-18.1	-19.4	-19.3	-20.3
Bulgaria	-25.3	-25.9	-26.4	-26.3	-25.8	-25.6	-23.9	-23.5	-26.8	-23.5	-24	-20	-21.4	-19.9	-20	-19.5	-21.2	-20.1	-18.6	-22.7	-20.4	-18.9	-16.8	-16.2	-18.8	-19.5	-14.9	-18.3	-19.5	-17.9	-20.5	-18.7	-17.7	-19.3	-19.9	-22.7	-20.7
Luxembourg	-9.1	-9.8	-12.6	-13.3	-14.2	-15.4	-6.2	-8.9	-8.9	-5.9	-9.4	-10.2	-9.4	-9	-11.9	-7.1	-15.9	-13.3	-11	-8.4	-12.7	-14.3	-8.9	-10.3	-13.7	-11.7	-8.6	-10.8	-8.5	-10.5	-12.5	-12.4	-13.6	-16.9	-16.6	-16.6	-13.9
Croatia	-8.9	-7.9	-10	-10.5	-15.3	-10.6	-8.8	-10	-8.6	-10.4	-10.2	-14.2	-12	-11.5	-11	-13.3	-13.6	-13.6	-16	-15.7	-14	-12.3	-16.1	-14.8	-13.1	-11.3	-11.2	-6.7	-9.6	-10.1	-11.6	-11	-12.2	-12.2	-15	-16.6	-18.3
Lithuania	2.4	1.1	-1.2	-1.4	-2.9	-2.4	0.8	1.4	1.4	2.9	2.9	2.1	1.5	-0.1	0.4	0.6	0.3	1.7	3.7	4.5	6.2	6.5	7.1	4.6	5.1	3.8	5.8	6	3.6	3.7	2.8	2.3	2.2	-0.2	-0.4	1.1	-1.8
Slovenia	-22.6	-19.5	-20.1	-26.5	-29.9	-22.2	-22.3	-20.9	-24.4	-24.1	-25.1	-24.7	-26.6	-28	-25.8	-24.3	-28.4	-27.6	-30.6	-28.4	-26.2	-29.5	-27.4	-27.9	-24.9	-25.1	-24.6	-26.7	-25.8	-28.8	-28.4	-27.6	-30.9	-31.2	-31.9	-32.4	-33.5
Latvia	-10.4	-7.5	-19	-15.8	-15.6	-9.3	-10.1	-11.4	-8.3	-6.9	-5.1	-14.2	-14.6	-9.7	-11.3	-15.4	-15	-13.4	-12.8	-15.9	-12.1	-7.6	-10.9	-8.1	-9.6	-13.1	-13.1	-11.4	-12.7	-15.4	-11.4	-12.7	-16.8	-24.2	-18.6	-11.9	-18.1
Estonia					-32.5	-29.7	-24.9	-25.3	-27.1	-28.3	-30.4	-33.7	-36.1	-37.9	-34.7	-35.4	-36.3	-35.3	-37.9	-38.7	-35.9	-33.9	-35.6	-33.2	-35.6	-29.2	-28.8	-28.6	-29.9	-34.1	-34.5	-33.6	-32.3	-33.8	-33.7	-29.8	-29.6
Cyprus	-15.5	-19.9	-18.4	-20.3	-28.9	-26.2	-12.3	-10.5	-10.2	-13.6	-15.8	-12.1	-13.4	-19	-14.8	-15.8	-17	-16.6	-19	-17.2	-15	-21.5	-26.8	-25.5	-27.1	-21.8	-20.7	-25.6	-26.5	-23.9	-26.8	-22.4	-21.7	-26.6	-27.4	-28	-24.2
Malta	2.9	6.2	13.9	8.4	2	1.8	3.5	6.4	5.1	8.4	4.4	2.4	2	2.8	-0.6	-0.4	-3.3	-2.1	1.4	2.9	-2.3	-0.3	-5	-4.3	-7.8	-6.1	-4.8	-9.3	-9	-7.1	-4.8	-12.4	-12.6	-12.2	-15.7	-9.5	-12.3
Poland	-13.9	-12.1	-13.3	-13.8	-16.5	-15	-11.8	-13.2	-13.1	-13	-13.8	-11.4	-13.7	-14.1	-11.9	-14.9	-17.3	-16.6	-16.8	-15.9	-17.4	-16.2	-16.5	-15.1	-16.3	-14.9	-13.2	-14.8	-12.6	-12.3	-13.2	-12.2	-14.5	-15.5	-17.7	-18.8	-21.7
Sweden	-2.9	-1.9	-5.1	-5.7	-7.2	-4.4	-2.6	-2.1	-3.7	-3.3	-3.6	-5	-6.9	-6.1	-8	-10	-13.4	-7.7	-2.5	0.2	-1.6	1.8	0.6	1.5	0.1	-0.6	-0.3	-1.3	-4.3	-4.8	-6.8	-8.7	-13	-15.9	-18	-18.6	-17.8
Romania	-32.6	-30.1	-34.6	-32.2	-34.9	-32.1	-31.6	-34.5	-30.8	-29.8	-30.6	-31.5	-31.7	-32.1	-25	-15.5	-17.8	-17.2	-17.2	-20.4	-11.9	-8.6	-12.1	-11.6	-12	-14.8	-10.9	-15.9	-13.1	-15.2	-17.4	-17.7	-17.8	-19.3	-18	-16	-18.2
Czechia	-8.1	-4.5	-4.3	-7.6	-6.6	-1.1	-0.8	1.1	-2.5	-2.6	-3.6	-7.3	-9.3	-6	-8.9	-9.2	-14.6	-12.3	-10.7	-11.9	-12.1	-13.4	-10.9	-11.9	-11.8	-12.5	-10	-10.3	-10.4	-12.6	-13.7	-16.8	-24.5	-22.1	-17.6	-19.3	-15.8
Denmark	-8.8	-11.1	-12	-15.5	-14.2	-8.3	-8	-7.8	-11.2	-12.9	-12.8	-14.5	-14.1	-12.8	-13.4	-14.2	-14.3	-11.9	-11.2	-8.4	-8.3	-5.1	-5.7	-3.8	-5	-3.9	-2.7	-3.3	-6.2	-4.8	-3.6	-4.8	-6.7	-5.2	-6.8	-7.1	-5.4
Hungary	-3.1	1.2	-1	-2.1	-15.6	-18.1	-17.6	-19.4	-19.3	-24.4	-23	-24.8	-27.1	-29.1	-29.7	-28.2	-27.3	-26.8	-27.6	-27.3	-26.6	-28.3	-25.1	-25	-22.6	-24.4	-25.2	-26	-25.8	-24.7	-25.9	-17.8	-29	-30	-31.1	-34.1	-31.4
Retail trade confidence (balance of opinion)27
Euro area	-5.7	-6.8	-9.2	-10.5	-9.7	-7.5	-5.3	-6.1	-7	-5.8	-7	-7.8	-6.5	-6.5	-7	-6.3	-8.1	-6.7	-5.5	-5.6	-4.7	-5	-7.7	-8.4	-8.3	-9.3	-7.4	-6.2	-5.8	-5.6	-7	-6.2	-6.2	-7.6	-7.5	-5.5	-4.9
European Union	-3.7	-4.4	-7	-8.3	-7.3	-5.8	-3.7	-4.2	-5	-4.6	-5.2	-6.2	-5.6	-5.4	-5.9	-5	-6.3	-5.2	-3.9	-4	-3.3	-3.7	-5.8	-6.7	-6.7	-7.4	-6	-5.1	-4.3	-4.7	-5.8	-4.8	-5.2	-6.5	-6.5	-5.2	-4.5
Germany	-25.8	-25.8	-29.6	-31.2	-31.2	-25.4	-25.2	-25.2	-25.3	-23.8	-21.4	-23	-22.2	-23.2	-21.3	-19.6	-25.2	-24.2	-22	-24	-20.5	-19.9	-23.6	-23.8	-22.2	-24.3	-20.5	-16.5	-17.6	-20	-25.2	-25.6	-19.3	-19.1	-21.7	-19.8	-20.1
France	-9.3	-14.2	-17	-16.1	-14.7	-15	-11.6	-12	-12.8	-12.3	-15.9	-16.7	-10.2	-11.3	-14.6	-13.2	-14.4	-14.4	-13.5	-9.9	-12.3	-9.7	-11.3	-12.1	-11.2	-13	-12.8	-10.5	-10.6	-11	-12.6	-8.3	-11.9	-15.6	-13.8	-7.6	-3.6
Italy	12.5	12.4	13.1	9.3	9.8	8.2	11.2	7.7	13.5	14.4	12.7	8.9	8.6	11.6	9	11.1	10.8	11.9	10.1	12.1	13	13.5	10.9	9.8	7.4	8.1	9.5	11.1	12.3	12.6	6.7	12.4	10.3	9.4	10.3	11.4	11.7
Netherlands	5.9	9.2	2	9.4	2	3.2	5.4	5.8	3	5.4	1.3	5.3	6.8	0	3.9	-1	3.2	6.6	3.7	2.8	2.7	3	0.9	-1.9	-2.6	-0.6	-2.1	-0.5	3.3	-1.8	4.9	2.3	-3.7	2.4	4.7	1.6	3
Belgium	0.6	-9.4	-3.2	-15.5	-6.4	-9.5	-10.1	-12.9	-14.8	-8.8	-16.8	-7	-6.4	-3.8	-9.9	-1.4	-8.3	-11	-3.9	-19.4	-9.7	-9.3	-16.1	-17.3	-21.2	-17.1	-21.9	-25.4	-19	-18.4	-13	-9.3	-8	-10.5	-23	-7.6	-10.5
Ireland	5.8	7.2	14	2.7	7.6	4.3	3.5	7.7	6.4	7.5	6	9.3	11.2	12	2.5	4.2	7.1	0.6	2.7	0.2	8	4.2	-5.5	2.6	-1	3.4	5.8	5.5	4.5	6	4.7	4.2	2.3	2.2	1.8	2.4	2.1
Austria	-6.4	-7.1	-15.2	-8.3	-5.8	5	-2.3	-6.6	-7.1	-4.7	-4.5	-2.8	-3.3	-1.5	-1.7	-5	-4.9	-11.8	-8.3	-2.9	-9.9	-11.6	-19.4	-29.8	-19.9	-20.6	-10.7	-8.2	-10.1	-10.9	-16.1	-27.3	-16.3	-29	-25.3	-25.9	-24.7
Finland	16.8	11.9	12.1	9.5	12.2	-5.4	9.3	2.4	-1.6	-0.7	0.3	4.7	1.6	0.6	3.2	10.1	9.5	-2.3	-5.4	-3.8	2.6	-11.9	-7.9	-14.5	-23.6	-15.9	-12.2	-20.7	-16.8	-4.8	-7.1	-3.8	-11.6	-4.6	-6.3	-9.9	-4.5
Portugal	4.6	6.6	7.4	5.7	5	3.6	3.8	4.5	6.3	6.6	4.7	3.6	3.6	3.9	2.5	2.6	2.5	3.8	3.9	3.2	3.9	2.7	2.7	2	1.1	2.5	2.8	2.1	3.7	2.5	1.5	2.7	4.6	2.2	2.6	2.5	5
Greece	15.4	16.7	6.6	10.4	6.3	2.9	9.4	10.2	-7.5	6.7	4	0	-1.3	1.6	13.9	-1.5	-3.2	-4.6	-0.1	0.6	7.9	11.3	6.7	13.7	22.7	16.8	17.9	19.4	0.3	4.1	19.3	12.7	22	19.3	15.7	29.1	22.7
Slovakia	2.6	2.3	-2.9	0	-2.6	-4.9	2	9.1	13.5	11.4	8.3	7.8	8.2	10.2	8.7	7.5	7.6	9.8	9.3	12.5	12.7	16.2	16.7	11.2	11.2	9.1	9.9	5.3	6.5	3.1	4.2	10	10.2	7	4.9	3.2	6.5
Bulgaria	12.4	11.8	11.1	8.6	14.9	13.3	16.2	12.8	13.7	15.4	10.8	8.2	11.6	14	16.9	15.5	14.4	15.7	15.5	14.2	12.7	10.8	12.2	15.3	9.7	13.7	12.1	15.1	11	11.9	9.4	10.8	11.4	14	11.9	14.5	15.6
Croatia	2.2	0.6	1.5	-2.2	-1.8	9.1	12	0.7	8.5	8.3	3.3	4.9	3.5	4.3	-4.2	1	3	10.9	9.7	11.6	18.1	15.1	17.3	19	8.4	9.7	14.5	15.6	15	17.5	17	14.3	16.4	15.2	16.4	13.5	16.1
Lithuania	1	3.5	3.4	6	6.9	5.6	7.3	7.9	5.4	7.5	6.1	5.3	3.5	1.7	1.9	2.8	3	5	-0.3	2.4	3.1	2.5	1	2.4	2.4	2	6	7.6	8	3.4	2.4	0.3	0.1	0.9	0.7	1.7	1.5
Slovenia	20.5	18.2	17.2	20.2	1.6	14.6	7.7	14.2	20.3	11.4	11.9	6	-1	3.2	-0.9	6.8	4.7	24.8	19.9	21.8	19.8	19.9	4.5	10.7	15.2	1.7	21.5	13.1	18.6	5	9.4	17	15.1	1	16.9	16.3	19
Latvia	2.5	2.4	0.5	3	1.5	3.2	2.1	3	2.2	5.3	4.8	4.2	3.1	1.4	1.2	1.4	3.2	2.7	2.9	4.7	3.6	1.8	4.5	2.1	1.5	-0.5	0.3	2	2.9	2.7	3.1	-0.3	3.6	1.9	2.2	1.6	1.8
Estonia					-3.9	-4.1	-3.2	-5.8	-6.3	-9.5	-10.5	-14	-14.2	-11.4	-13.5	-14.6	-18.8	-17.9	-12.1	-14.4	-15.7	-18.1	-17.8	-22	-21.9	-19	-16.9	-23	-19	-21.6	-24.2	-17.3	-16.2	-8	-13	-6.9	-8.1
Cyprus	-1.8	-2.3	-4.4	-8.8	-9	-1.2	2.3	0.4	5.3	3.4	-0.3	3.6	5.3	0.8	-1.3	5.2	5	4.3	0.5	0	-1.1	0.3	2	2.4	-2.4	1.1	-4.7	-3.8	-2.1	-5.6	-3.5	-0.9	-1.1	-0.1	-0.6	-0.4	2.9
Malta					7.7	7.7	16	24.5	22.3	16	5.9	14.8	5.2	-6.3	9.9	10.3	-6.3	-8.2	8.7	-5.3	-5.5	-29.8	0.8	-12.7	-10	-5.7	-0.4	2	9.5	7.9	13.4	25	16.1	-8.5	0.3	9.2	19.4
Poland	-1.5	-0.3	-2	-1.6	-0.8	-0.6	-0.8	-0.6	-1.7	-2.4	-1.6	-2.3	-2.4	-2.6	-1.4	-2	-2.8	-3.1	-2.1	-3.1	-2.2	-1	-1.7	-0.9	-0.1	-1.2	-2	-0.2	0.2	-0.4	-1.6	-0.7	-0.5	-0.2	-0.2	-0.9	-3.2
Sweden	31.8	30.4	22.8	26	23.6	15.6	23.6	27.2	27	24.1	28.1	17.6	19	15.8	13.1	18	16.8	18.4	23.5	22.1	23.7	17.5	14.8	14.8	12.8	13.8	15.2	4.4	15.2	9.1	5.1	4.1	0.6	-2.7	-0.6	-7.8	-1.8
Romania	0.4	-1.9	-8.6	-4.1	-3.5	-4.4	-1.4	-2.4	-1.6	-2.6	-7.6	-5.4	-3.6	-6.3	-0.8	-1.2	8.2	10.1	7	7.9	5.3	11.2	12.7	11.8	4.7	9.7	10.6	7.6	10.4	7.2	8.8	10.4	8.7	6.7	6.8	6	4.8
Czechia	15.9	16.2	15.3	12.2	17	16.5	11.3	9.6	10.6	14.2	12.3	14.6	12.6	14.3	9.9	17.1	18.6	22.3	18.6	18.5	12.8	11.9	12.9	17.8	18.7	14.6	9.4	13.8	10.8	12.1	6.6	13.5	15.4	13.7	12.3	11.2	12.2
Denmark	16.2	15.1	7.5	7.5	3.9	9.8	12.5	15	8.6	4.4	1.3	4.7	-3	0.2	0.9	2.5	-3.9	-6	0.9	0.5	2.5	1.1	2.3	-7.1	-5.2	-5.6	-0.9	-4.5	-5.8	-8.5	-4.1	-0.1	-4.4	-6	-9.7	-10.8	-12.9
Hungary	-10.8	-9.5	-9.8	-11.1	-12.3	-15.6	-18.2	-17.7	-16	-17	-17.5	-21.3	-20.9	-23.4	-22.9	-23.9	-21.1	-19.7	-20.9	-24.2	-23.7	-20.2	-18.7	-16.2	-11.4	-12.2	-13.3	-11.3	-12.8	-12.2	-8.5	-11.1	-12.5	-14.5	-13.1	-14.7	-14.4
Construction confidence (balance of opinion)29
Euro area	-5	-5.2	-4.8	-4	-2.9	-2.2	-2.2	-1.3	-1.1	-1.2	-2.2	-2.9	-3.1	-2.7	-2.4	-2.9	-3.6	-3.2	-3	-2.6	-3.6	-3.6	-3.5	-4.1	-4.9	-4.9	-5.5	-4.4	-4.3	-4	-4	-3.3	-2.2	-3	-3.9	-4.4	-4
European Union	-6.7	-6.5	-6.2	-5.5	-4.1	-3.6	-4	-3.4	-2.9	-2.8	-4.2	-4.9	-5	-4.9	-4.1	-4.7	-5.3	-5.4	-5.3	-4.5	-6	-5.9	-5.6	-6.7	-7	-6.6	-7.6	-6.4	-6.1	-6.3	-6.2	-5.8	-4.6	-5.5	-6.7	-7.1	-6.8
Germany	-14.3	-14.3	-14.3	-13.4	-12.5	-10.6	-9.9	-11.2	-12.1	-12.4	-13.6	-14.8	-12.5	-12.8	-13.6	-16.1	-16.2	-14.2	-15.8	-15.4	-14.6	-17.2	-15.7	-15.2	-16.4	-16.8	-17.3	-18.4	-17.5	-19.5	-18.3	-18.3	-17.1	-17.7	-17.9	-18.1	-17
France	-18.2	-19.3	-18.4	-17.3	-18.1	-16.3	-16.7	-16.4	-15.2	-16.6	-15.3	-13.9	-13.9	-14.4	-12.2	-12.2	-13.8	-14.7	-13.8	-12.5	-13.2	-11.1	-11.5	-11.4	-11.4	-11	-9.3	-9.8	-9.1	-7.4	-5.5	-5.3	-7.9	-7.1	-5.9	-3.5	-4.2
Italy	2.6	-2.1	1.9	-0.5	-0.4	2.2	1	-1.7	3.2	4.3	4.7	2.1	0.9	3.7	3.6	2.3	2.4	3	1.2	2.7	3	3.3	5.3	2.5	3.1	4.9	4.6	1.9	2.3	4.1	2	5.3	8.7	7.5	7.7	5.5	4.5
Spain	3.7	14.7	11.8	14.2	26.5	14.1	14.9	26.2	19.3	22	20.2	16.3	10	17.9	17.2	18	12	12.3	16.6	11.7	5.3	8.7	14.1	7.8	1.4	11.9	-0.8	14.4	12.9	9	6.5	2.3	15.3	15.9	7.6	4.5	0.9
Netherlands	15.6	17.3	16.8	19.7	17.9	21.9	20.5	21.2	24.2	18.7	17.9	18.1	17.4	19.2	17.8	17	19.5	15	15.1	17.1	16.1	14.3	12.2	13.6	10.2	10.3	10.5	7.2	7.9	8.2	6	5.9	7.3	3.8	2.7	1.3	2.5
Belgium	-11.8	-11.9	-9.6	-13.4	-12.6	-13.7	-13.6	-10.8	-6.6	-9.3	-9	-8.7	-9.1	-7.2	-7.9	-8.2	-5.6	-5.4	-3.4	-1.3	-3.3	-1.4	-2.6	-5.1	-9.9	-12	-6.7	-1.5	-3.1	-4.8	-3.7	-8.4	-6.2	-8.1	-4.7	-5.7	-2.3
Ireland	8.5	11.5	27.1	10.8	18	21.2	17.6	16.6	20.6	21.7	19.1	14.5	11.3	27.2	17.5	22.4	22.7	25.4	28	19.8	27.2	18.8	10.5	19.7	24.2	15.9	17.6	18.3	17.5	15.1	13.7	14.7	13.6	12.1	16.6	12.9	12.9
Austria	-13.3	-15.6	-20.7	-22.9	-22.7	-18.8	-25.2	-19.9	-18.7	-14.5	-14.3	-17.5	-19.5	-17.4	-18.5	-18.4	-17.3	-20.8	-15	-17	-14.9	-10.4	-16.3	-12.4	-17.8	-16.9	-12.7	-12.9	-14	-16.1	-12.3	-14.1	-7.9	-11.3	-12.1	-9.9	-10.6
Finland	-8.4	-4.8	-15.6	-19.3	-18.1	-14.6	-23.7	-22.5	-29	-25	-25.3	-22.2	-26.8	-36.3	-32.3	-30.5	-29.7	-35.3	-29.7	-23.9	-35.8	-25.9	-31.6	-36.5	-35.9	-33.1	-35.1	-38	-35.5	-39	-42.3	-41.1	-36.3	-43.9	-42.5	-37.6	-32.9
Portugal	6.3	4.8	2.9	4.4	3.7	1.9	1.8	2.9	2.2	3.9	3.3	2.5	2.7	3.3	4.9	4.1	2.4	3.2	4.6	4	4.5	2.4	0.4	-3.3	-3.1	-4.5	-3.4	-3.8	-4.7	-4.6	-4.2	-4.2	-3.8	-2.1	-2.2	-2.1	-2.6
Greece	29.7	28.2	24.7	34.7	32.4	21.5	30.1	20.9	15.8	13.4	7.6	12.6	26.2	19	23.4	16.3	14.6	16.1	8.8	12.8	13.2	-6.6	0.2	4.5	11	8.9	15.1	5	-2.8	8.2	7.4	19.8	14.8	6.1	4	-15.5	-6
Slovakia	-7.7	-7.4	-5.7	-3.1	-4.6	-4.1	-4.5	-5.3	0.4	-3.4	-4.1	-4.5	-6.2	-5.5	-2.2	-9.5	-8.6	-6.6	-7.1	-3.3	-5.9	-8.7	-7.6	-8.1	-9.5	-7.1	-12.1	-9.3	-10.6	-8	-5.9	-6.2	-8.1	-13.3	-11	-10.2	-6.1
Bulgaria	-8.3	-6.8	-11.3	-3.8	0.9	0.2	0.4	-3.2	0.6	2.6	3.2	2.2	6.8	5.9	3.5	-2.3	-5.4	-6.1	-3.9	-1.8	0.6	-2.8	-3.4	0.9	-4.5	-4.4	-4.8	-7.6	-4.4	-3.4	-2.8	0.4	0.9	-1.6	-2	-4.2	-2.6
Luxembourg	-11.5	-11.4	-13.4	-10.6	-12.7	-12.3	-9.4	-17.6	-17.4	-17.8	-13.9	-21.4	-18.8	-22.4	-21.4	-24.8	-23.8	-26.8	-26.3	-35.3	-35.5	-35.4	-29.1	-22.8	-26.2	-19.4	-22	-23.7	-25.5	-15.8	-18.9	-5.2	-12.1	-7	-16.9	-8.6	-11.1
Croatia	4.2	5.6	7.6	6.8	11	10.7	12.6	13.2	14.1	15.8	13.9	12.1	13.7	16.8	13.5	17.6	16.3	11.1	15.7	11.9	17	7.6	14.5	14.8	10.3	12.5	15.9	13.5	13.6	13.7	11.3	19	16.8	18.5	13	15.1	16.9
Lithuania	-3.4	-5.5	-5.3	-8.1	-5.2	-5	-6.1	-8	-9.1	-9.5	-11.1	-13.2	-14.3	-12.3	-10.7	-9.1	-12.9	-13.7	-14.2	-15	-10.7	-10.7	-13.4	-12.7	-9.2	-11.6	-15.1	-16.9	-18.7	-19.9	-20.8	-18.2	-16.2	-13.9	-13.8	-15.2	-14.6
Slovenia	3.3	3.9	3.3	6.1	6.1	6.5	7.5	8.6	12.3	14.9	10.4	12.9	4.4	6.6	4.3	6.1	10.9	11.6	7.6	4.9	4	10.1	6.7	4.7	7.1	2.2	4.1	7.1	4.1	10.9	8.1	13.6	16.4	10.8	9.4	12.5	8.3
Latvia	-7.6	-9.9	-7.9	-8.4	-5.4	-4.4	-7.7	-7.7	-6.8	-5.8	-4.6	-7.2	-8.9	-7.8	-8.3	-7.4	-11.3	-10	-10.4	-11.1	-10	-13.9	-12.1	-12.2	-14.3	-15.1	-16.4	-14.1	-14.9	-12.2	-14.7	-11.2	-12.7	-10.8	-13.3	-11.7	-11.8
Estonia					-7.5	-7	-6.3	-5.8	-4.1	-6.6	-7.4	-9.2	-11.9	-10.8	-17.2	-17.8	-18.4	-16.5	-20.8	-24.1	-25.4	-21.2	-21.3	-19.8	-18.5	-16.8	-16.4	-16.7	-18.4	-20.4	-20.4	-17.3	-18.6	-20.1	-22.5	-23.3	-21.6
Cyprus	5.6	6.7	7.7	1.3	-1.5	0	4.4	0.5	13.9	13.9	10.7	5.1	8.5	13.7	7.8	5.3	6.8	-1.1	2	-7.7	-0.3	1	1.8	-1.4	2.5	0.2	-8.2	-4.7	1.4	-3.7	-2.1	-6.9	-3	1.2	-6.1	-10.1	-10.8
Malta					15.1	-14.8	-31.9	45	51.9	43.4	-3.6	6.6	-10.4	-4	46.5	16.8	24.4	0	2.6	6.2	-18.4	8.4	-14.5	-5.7	-15.2	-40.1	-30.4	-1.1	3.2	29.1	14.8	9.6	-23.4	2.8	-11.9	-2.7	-14.1
Poland	-15.3	-15.7	-15.6	-15.2	-15.8	-15.6	-16.3	-16.5	-16.5	-17.1	-17.4	-17.4	-18.2	-17.5	-18.6	-18.1	-17.5	-17.5	-16.6	-17.1	-16.3	-16.4	-16.7	-16.7	-16.5	-16.3	-15.9	-15.9	-15.8	-15.4	-16.2	-16.4	-17.8	-17.9	-18.7	-19.5	-20.1
Sweden	-14.1	-12.8	-13.3	-14.2	-5.8	-3	-9.3	-17.1	-9.9	-2	-11.6	-16.7	-12	-19	-11.7	-10	-14	-24.6	-28.2	-21.4	-33.2	-26.2	-28.9	-32.8	-22.2	-24.3	-23.2	-31.2	-22.5	-32.1	-27	-31	-25	-28.2	-27.9	-28.6	-28.2
Romania	-11.1	-11.2	-11.6	-11.3	-12.1	-11.6	-10.7	-11.3	-11.5	-10.9	-10.9	-11.1	-10.1	-9.9	-9.2	-9.2	-7.5	-7.6	-8.4	-6.7	-6.5	-6.5	-6.1	-5.2	-5.6	-5.9	-6.1	-6.1	-5.2	-5.7	-4.9	-6.4	-6.1	-6.3	-5.7	-6.7	-6.2
Czechia	-5.2	-4.7	-6.4	-1.8	-3.4	-6.1	-2.2	-5.3	-2.9	-4.1	-0.5	2.4	1.1	-0.2	0.9	-4.4	-3.3	-3.8	-5.1	-4.8	-3.6	-3	-8.4	-10.4	-11.8	-10.7	-14	-13.5	-13.6	-10.1	-9.2	-7.6	-12.6	-9.6	-14.3	-15	-14.1
Denmark	-9.9	-10.4	-8.9	-8.6	-8.3	-6.7	-11.7	-9.7	-10.7	-10.8	-9.1	-10.5	-9.9	-11.3	-9.7	-11.4	-11	-10.8	-8.9	-8.6	-6.3	-8.5	-9.3	-9.2	-9.5	-8.3	-12.1	-10.8	-10.5	-14.6	-8.8	-13	-12.8	-9.6	-13	-11.2	-11.6
Hungary	-28.7	-24.3	-22.7	-21.4	-22.9	-26.4	-22.4	-25.4	-27.4	-24.5	-24.5	-25.8	-26.1	-30	-31	-28	-25.2	-23.9	-21.5	-19.1	-18.9	-20.1	-18.3	-20.1	-18.7	-19.7	-21.3	-18.4	-21.5	-19.4	-22.1	-17.6	-18	-22.8	-22.5	-24.1	-20.5

Latest reading

Euro area stood at 98.4 in Aug 2026. That is +1.3% from Jul 2026 and +3.1% from a year earlier. The series on this page is monthly and runs from Jan 1980 to Aug 2026. Source: Eurostat.

Latest: 98.4; Aug 2026
vs previous period: +1.3%; Jul 2026
vs a year earlier: +3.1%

About this data

Monthly Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI) and business and consumer survey indices from the European Commission (DG ECFIN), available continuously since 1980. This is the earliest leading indicator series in the region, predating all others. It comprises the aggregate Economic Sentiment Index (ESI) (normalized to a long-term average of 100, with readings above 100 indicating optimism relative to the long-term average) and five sector sentiment indices: industry, services, retail, construction, and consumers. The five sector indices are balance figures (the percentage of positive responses minus the percentage of negative responses), thus fluctuating around zero and typically taking negative values, unlike the ESI scale. This is the most comprehensive and free leading indicator of the European economic cycle, playing a role similar to PMIs but with a history over thirty years longer and coverage spanning individual member states. Source: Eurostat.