EU Birth, Death and Migration Rates

Name: EU Birth, Death and Migration Rates
Creator: Eurostat
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Annual crude birth rates, crude death rates, and net migration for the EU, the euro area, and member states — expressed per thousand of the population.

Source: EurostatLast updated: Aug 02, 2026, 09:22Curated by Bui Thanh PhucAbout this data ↓

Indicator	2025	2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003	2002	2001	2000	1999	1998	1997	1996	1995	1994	1993	1992	1991	1990	1989	1988	1987	1986	1985	1984	1983	1982	1981	1980	1979	1978	1977	1976	1975	1974	1973	1972	1971	1970	1969	1968	1967	1966	1965	1964	1963	1962	1961	1960
Crude birth rate29
European Union	7.7	7.9	8.2	8.7	9.2	9.1	9.3	9.5	9.7	9.9	9.8	9.9	9.7	10	10.1	10.4	10.5	10.6	10.4	10.3	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.1	10.2	10.5	10.3	10.3	10.4	10.5	10.5	10.8	11.1	11.5	11.8	12.2	12.3	12.6	12.5	12.7	12.8	12.9	13	13.5	13.7	14.1	14.2	14.3	14.6	14.9	15	15.4	15.4	15.8	16.3	16.4	16.9	17.4	17.8	17.5	17.9	18.4	18.4	18.2	18.5
Euro area	7.7	7.9	8.1	8.6	9	8.9	9.1	9.3	9.5	9.7	9.7	9.8	9.7
Germany	7.8	8.1	8.3	8.9	9.6	9.3	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.6	9	8.8	8.5	8.4	8.3	8.3	8.1	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.3	8.6	8.6	8.7	8.9	9.3	9.4	9.6	9.9	9.7	9.4	9.5	9.8	10	10.4	11.5	11	11	10.5	10.2	9.6	9.5	9.7	10.1	10.1	10.1	9.5	9.4	9.5	9.8	9.7	10.1	10.3	11.4	12.7	13.3	14.9	16.1	17	17.6	17.7	18.3	18.3	17.9	18	17.4
France	9.3	9.6	9.9	10.6	10.9	10.9	11.2	11.3	11.5	11.8	12	12.4	12.4	12.6	12.7	12.9	12.8	12.9	12.8	13.1	12.8	12.8	12.8	12.9	13.1	13.3	12.9	12.8	12.7	12.8	12.8	12.5
Italy	6	6.3	6.4	6.7	6.8	6.8	7	7.3	7.6	7.9	8.1	8.3	8.5	8.9	9.1	9.4	9.6	9.7	9.6	9.6	9.5	9.7	9.5	9.4	9.4	9.5	9.4	9.3	9.4	9.3	9.2	9.4	9.7	10	9.9	10	9.9	10.1	9.7	9.8	10.2	10.4	10.6	10.9	11	11.3	11.9	12.6	13.2	14	14.9	15.8	16	16.3	16.8	16.7	17.4	17.5	17.9	18.7	19	19.7	18.7	18.4	18.4	18.1
Spain	6.5	6.5	6.6	6.9	7.1	7.2	7.6	7.9	8.4	8.8	9	9.2	9.1	9.7	10.1	10.4	10.6	11.3	10.9	10.8	10.6	10.6	10.4	10.1	9.9	9.8	9.4	9.1	9.2	9.1	9.1	9.4	9.8	10.1	10.2	10.3	10.5	10.8	11	11.4	11.9	12.3	12.7	13.6	14.1	15.2	16.2	17.3	18	18.7	18.7	19.5	19.2	19.4	19.6	19.5	19.9	20.1	20.7	20.7	21.1	22	21.4	21.1	21.2	21.7
Netherlands	9.1	9.2	9.2	9.5	10.2	9.7	9.8	9.8	9.9	10.1	10.1	10.4	10.2	10.5	10.8	11.1	11.2	11.2	11.1	11.3	11.5	11.9	12.3	12.5	12.6	13	12.7	12.7	12.3	12.2	12.3	12.7	12.8	13	13.2	13.2	12.7	12.6	12.7	12.7	12.3	12.1	11.8	12	12.5	12.8	12.5	12.6	12.5	12.9	13	13.7	14.5	16.1	17.2	18.3	19.2	18.6	18.9	19.2	19.9	20.7	20.9	20.9	21.3	20.8
Belgium	9.2	9.2	9.4	9.8	10.2	9.9	10.2	10.4	10.5	10.8	10.8	11.2	11.2	11.5	11.7	11.9	11.8	11.9	11.7	11.6	11.4	11.3	11	10.9	11.2	11.4	11.2	11.2	11.4	11.5	11.4	11.5	12	12.4	12.6	12.4	12.2	12.1	11.9	11.9	11.6	11.7	11.9	12.2	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.5	12.4	12.3	12.2	12.7	13.3	14	14.6	14.7	14.7	14.8	15.3	15.9	16.4	17.2	17.1	16.8	17.3	16.8
Ireland	9.9	9.9	10.3	10.4	11.8	11.1	11.9	12.5	12.8	13.4	13.9	14.4	14.9	15.6	16.2	16.5	16.7	16.7	16.2	15.3	14.8	15.2	15.4	15.4	15	14.4	14.4	14.5	14.4	13.9	13.5	13.4	13.8	14.4	14.9	15.1	14.8	15.5	16.5	17.4	17.6	18.1	19.1	20.3	20.9	21.7	21.5	21.1	21	20.9	21.1	22	22.3	22.6	22.6	21.8	21.5	20.9	21.1	21.5	22.1	22.4	22.2	21.8	21.2	21.5
Austria	8.3	8.4	8.5	9.1	9.6	9.4	9.6	9.7	10	10	9.8	9.6	9.4	9.4	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.2	9.4	9.5	9.7	9.5	9.7	9.4	9.8	9.8	10.2	10.5	11.2	11.2	11.6	12	12.2	12.2	11.8	11.6	11.6	11.4	11.5	11.6	11.8	11.9	12.5	12.4	12	11.4	11.3	11.3	11.6	12.4	12.8	12.9	13.8	14.5	15	16.3	17	17.3	17.6	17.9	18.5	18.8	18.7	18.6	17.9
Finland	8.1	7.8	7.8	8.1	9	8.4	8.3	8.6	9.1	9.6	10.1	10.5	10.7	11	11.1	11.4	11.3	11.2	11.1	11.2	11	11	10.9	10.7	10.8	11	11.1	11.1	11.5	11.8	12.3	12.8	12.8	13.2	13	13.1	12.8	12.8	12.1	12.3	12.8	13.3	13.8	13.7	13.2	13.2	13.3	13.5	13.9	14.1	13.9	13.3	12.2	12.7	13.2	14	14.6	15.9	16.8	17	17.1	17.7	18.2	18.1	18.4	18.5
Portugal	7.7	7.5	7.7	7.8	7.6	8.1	8.4	8.4	8.3	8.4	8.2	7.9	7.9	8.5	9.2	9.6	9.4	9.9	9.7	10	10.4	10.4	10.8	11	10.9	11.7	11.4	11.2	11.2	11	10.7	10.9	11.4	11.5	11.7	11.7	11.8	12.2	12.3	12.6	13	14.3	14.5	15.2	15.4	16.2	16.6	17.5	19.1	20	19.8	19.6	20	20.2	21	20.8	21.7	22.1	22.8	23.2	23.4	24	23.5	24.5	24.4	24.1
Greece	6.3	6.6	6.9	7.3	8.1	8	7.9	8.1	8.3	8.7	8.5	8.5	8.6	9.1	9.6	10.3	10.6	10.7	10.1	10.2	9.8	9.6	9.6	9.5	9.4	9.6	9.4	9.4	9.6	9.5	9.6	9.9	9.7	10	9.9	10	10.1	10.7	10.6	11.3	11.7	12.7	13.5	14	14.5	15.4	15.5	15.5	15.4	16	15.7	16.1	15.4	15.9	16	16.5	17.6	18.4	18.8	18	17.7	18	17.5	18	17.9	18.9
Slovakia	7.8	8.5	9	9.7	10.4	10.4	10.5	10.6	10.7	10.6	10.3	10.2	10.1	10.3	11.3	11.2	11.4	10.7	10.1	10	10.1	10	9.6	9.5	9.5	10.2	10.4	10.7	11	11.2	11.5	12.4	13.8	14.1	14.8	15.1	15.2	15.9	16.1	16.8	17.5	17.7	18.1	18.3	18.6	19.1	20.3	20.5	20.6	20.8	20.6	20.8	20	19.1	18.2	17.8	17.7	17	17.4	18.5	19.3	20.1	20.4	19.8	20.8	21.7
Bulgaria	7.8	8.3	8.9	8.8	9	9	9.3	9.3	9.4	9.4	9.4	9.6	9.3	9.5	9.6	10.2	10.9	10.4	10	9.7	9.3	9.1	8.7	8.5	8.5	9	8.8	7.9	7.7	8.6	8.6	9.4	10	10.4	11.1	12.1	12.6	13.1	13	13.4	13.3	13.6	13.8	13.9	14	14.5	15.3	15.5	16.1	16.5	16.6	17.2	16.2	15.3	15.9	16.3	17	16.9	15	14.9	15.3	16.1	16.4	16.7	17.4	17.8
Luxembourg	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.9	10.5	10.2	10	10.3	10.4	10.4	10.7	10.9	11.3	11.3	10.9	11.6	11.3	11.5	11.4	11.7	11.5	11.9	11.7	12	12.4	13.1	13	12.7	13.1	13.7	13.3	13.5	13.5	13.1	12.9	12.9	12.4	12.3	11.4	11.7	11.2	11.5	11.4	11.8	12.1	11.4	11.2	11.2	11.2	10.9	11.1	11.1	10.8	11.8	13	13	13.3	14	14.8	15.6	16	16	15.8	16	16.1	16
Croatia	8.4	8.3	8.3	8.8	9.4	9.2	9.1	9.3	9	9.1	9	9.4	9.4	9.8	9.6	10.1	10.4	10.1	9.7	9.6	9.9	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.5	9.8	10	10.4	12.2	11.8	10.9	10.4	10.6	10.3	11.1	11.6	11.7	12.3	12.5	12.8	13.3	13.9	14.1	14.4	14.6	14.8	15.1	15	14.9	14.8	14.9	15	15.1	14.8	14.6	13.8	14.5	15	15.5	16.5	16.6	16.2	16.5	17.2	17.8	18.4
Lithuania	6.1	6.6	7.2	7.8	8.3	8.4	8.9	9.5	9.8	10.3	10.3	10	9.7	10	10	9.9	10.2	9.9	9.3	9.1	8.9	8.8	8.8	8.6	9	9.8	10.3	10.4	10.6	10.8	11.4	11.6	12.9	14.7	15.1	15.4	15.1	15.5	16.4	16.7	16.5	16.4	16.5	15.4	15.2	15.2	15.3	15.3	15.5	15.7	15.7	15.9	16	17	17.6	17.7	17.5	17.6	17.7	18	18.1	19	19.7	20.9	22.2	22.5
Slovenia	8	7.9	8	8.3	9	8.9	9.3	9.4	9.8	9.9	10	10.3	10.2	10.7	10.7	10.9	10.7	10.8	9.8	9.4	9.1	9	8.7	8.8	8.8	9.1	8.8	9	9.1	9.4	9.5	9.8	9.9	10	10.8	11.2	11.7	12.6	12.9	13	13.4	13.6	14.1	15.1	15.3	15.7	16.3	16.3	16.2	16.7	16.6	16.1	16.7	16.4	16.3	15.9	16.3	16.8	17.7	18.5	18.5	17.9	18	18.1	18.2	17.6
Latvia	6.4	6.9	7.7	8.5	9.2	9.2	9.8	10	10.7	11.2	11.1	10.9	10.2	9.8	9.1	9.4	10.3	11.2	10.9	10.3	9.8	9.1	9.2	8.7	8.4	8.6	8.1	7.6	7.7	8.1	8.7	9.6	10.4	12.1	13.1	14.2	14.6	15.6	16	16.1	15.4	15.9	15.9	14.8	14.2	14.1	13.8	13.7	13.8	14	14.2	14.3	14.1	14.6	14.8	14.6	14	14.1	14	14	13.8	14.8	15.3	16.1	16.7	16.7
Estonia	6.8	7.1	8	8.6	10	9.9	10.6	10.9	10.5	10.7	10.6	10.3	10.3	10.6	11.1	11.9	11.8	12	11.8	11	10.6	10.3	9.5	9.4	9.1	9.4	8.9	8.8	9	9.4	9.4	9.7	10.2	11.8	12.4	14.2	15.5	16	16.2	15.7	15.5	16	16	15.4	15.4	15	14.9	15	15.2	15.1	14.9	15.1	15.1	15.6	16.1	15.8	15.4	14.9	14.2	14.2	14.6	15.4	15.3	16.1	16.5	16.7
Cyprus	9.3	10	10.7	10.9	11.2	10.9	10.7	10.5	10.6	10.9	10.6	10.8	10.8	11.8	11.3	11.8	11.9	11.7	11.2	11.6	11.2	11.4	11.3	11.1	11.6	12.2	12.4	13.1	13.8	14.6	15.2	16.2	16.8	18.6	17.5	18.3	18.1	19.2	18.7	19.5	19.5	20.6	20.6	20.7	19.5	20.4	19.7	18.8	18.3	18.7	16	13.6	18.3	18.5	18.8	19.2	19.8	20.5	21.3	22.3	23.2	24.2	25.1	25.6	26.2
Malta	7.5	7.7	8.1	8.1	8.5	8.6	8.6	9.2	9.2	9.8	9.7	9.7	9.5	9.8	10	9.4	9.8	9.8	9.3	9.3	9.6	9.7	10.2	9.9	10.1	11.3	11.4	12.1	12.7	13.3	12.2	12.9	13.9	14.9	14.6	15.2	15.9	15.9	15.4	15.3	16.1	16.9	17.1	18.1	16.6	17.7	18.6	18.2	18.9	18.6	18.8	18	17.4	17.8	18.4	17.6	16.7	16.7	17	16.9	17.7	19.9	20.7	23.2	23.6	26.2
Poland	6.5	6.9	7.4	8.3	9	9.5	9.9	10.2	10.6	10.1	9.7	9.9	9.7	10.1	10.2	10.9	10.9	10.9	10.2	9.8	9.5	9.3	9.2	9.3	9.6	9.9	9.9	10.2	10.7	11.1	11.2	12.5	12.9	13.4	14.3	14.4	14.9	15.6	16.1	17	18.3	19	19.8	19.5	19	19.6	19.6	19.1	19.2	19.6	19	18.5	18	17.5	17.2	16.8	16.4	16.3	16.3	16.8	17.4	18.1	19.2	19.8	20.9	22.6
Sweden	9.2	9.3	9.5	10	11	10.9	11.1	11.4	11.5	11.8	11.7	11.9	11.8	11.9	11.8	12.3	12	11.9	11.7	11.7	11.2	11.2	11.1	10.7	10.3	10.2	10	10.1	10.2	10.8	11.7	12.8	13.5	14.2	14.4	14.5	13.7	13.3	12.5	12.2	11.8	11.3	11	11.1	11.3	11.7	11.6	11.3	11.6	12	12.6	13.5	13.5	13.8	14.1	13.7	13.5	14.3	15.4	15.8	15.9	16	14.8	14.2	13.9	13.7
Romania	7	7.5	8.4	9.6	10.1	10.3	10.3	10.4	10.8	10.4	10.2	10	9.4	10	9.7	10.5	10.9	10.8	10.3	10.4	10.4	10.1	9.8	9.7	10	10.4	10.4	10.5	10.5	10.2	10.4	10.9	11	11.4	12	13.6	16	16.5	16.7	16.5	15.8	15.5	14.3	15.3	17	18	18.6	19	19.5	19.4	19.6	20.3	18.2	18.8	19.6	21.1	23.3	26.6	27	14.2	14.6	15.2	15.7	16.2	17.5	19.1
Czechia	7.1	7.7	8.4	9.5	10.6	10.3	10.5	10.7	10.8	10.7	10.5	10.4	10.2	10.3	10.4	11.2	11.3	11.5	11.1	10.3	10	9.6	9.2	9.1	8.9	8.9	8.7	8.8	8.8	8.8	9.3	10.3	11.7	11.8	12.5	12.6	12.4	12.8	12.7	12.9	13.1	13.3	13.3	13.7	14	14.9	16.7	17.5	17.8	18.5	19.1	19.4	18.3	16.6	15.7	15	14.5	13.9	14.1	14.4	15.1	15.9	15.4	13.9	13.7	13.4
Denmark	9.9	9.5	9.7	9.9	10.8	10.4	10.5	10.6	10.6	10.8	10.2	10.1	10	10.4	10.6	11.4	11.4	11.8	11.7	12	11.9	12	12	11.9	12.2	12.6	12.4	12.5	12.8	12.9	13.3	13.4	13	13.1	12.5	12.3	12	11.5	11	10.8	10.5	10.1	9.9	10.3	10.4	11.2	11.6	12.2	12.2	12.9	14.2	14.1	14.3	15.1	15.2	14.4	14.6	15.3	16.8	18.4	18	17.7	17.6	16.7	16.6	16.6
Hungary	7.7	8.2	9.1	9.3	9.8	9.7	9.6	9.6	9.7	9.8	9.4	9.5	9.1	9.1	8.8	9	9.6	9.9	9.7	9.9	9.7	9.4	9.3	9.5	9.5	9.6	9.2	9.5	9.8	10.2	10.8	11.2	11.3	11.7	12.3	12.1	11.8	11.7	11.9	12.1	12.2	11.8	11.9	12.5	13.3	13.9	15	15.7	16.7	17.5	18.4	17.8	15	14.7	14.5	14.7	15	15.1	14.6	13.6	13.1	13.1	13.1	12.9	14	14.7
Crude death rate29
European Union	10.7	10.7	10.8	11.5	11.9	11.6	10.4	10.5	10.5	10.2	10.4	9.9	10	10.1	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.7	9.7	9.9	9.7	10.1	10	9.9	9.9	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.3	10.3	10.2	10.3	10.2	10.4	10.3	10.2	10.2	10.2	10.4	10.5	10.3	10.5	10.2	10.3	10.5	10.2	10.4	10.2	10.4	10.5	10.2	10.4	10.2	10.5	10.4	10.7	10.4	10.1	9.9	10.1	9.8	10.2	10.3	9.8
Euro area	10.5	10.5	10.7	11.4	11.3	11.3	10.2	10.3	10.3	10	10.2	9.7	9.8
Germany	12.1	12.1	12.3	12.8	12.3	11.9	11.3	11.5	11.3	11.1	11.3	10.7	11.1	10.8	10.6	10.5	10.4	10.3	10.1	10	10.1	9.9	10.3	10.2	10.1	10.2	10.3	10.4	10.5	10.8	10.8	10.9	11.1	11	11.4	11.3	11.2	11.2	11.2	11.5	11.5	11.4	11.7			11.6					12.1					12			11.5	11.5	11.5	11.1	11.7	11.3	11.2	11.6
France	9.4	9.4	9.3	9.9	9.7	9.9	9.1	9.1	9.1	8.9	8.9	8.4	8.7	8.7	8.4	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.3	8.3	8.5	8.3	9.1	8.8	8.8	8.9	9.1	9.1
Italy	11.1	11.1	11.4	12.1	11.9	12.5	10.6	10.6	10.8	10.2	10.8	9.9	10	10.2	9.9	9.8	9.9	9.9	9.7	9.6	9.8	9.5	10.2	9.8	9.6	9.8	9.8	10	9.8	9.7	9.8	9.7	9.7	9.6	9.7	9.6	9.4	9.5	9.4	9.6	9.7	9.5	10	9.5	9.7	9.8	9.6	9.6	9.8	9.9	10	9.7	10	9.6	9.7	9.7	10.1	10	9.6	9.4	9.9	9.5	10.1	10	9.3	9.6
Spain	9	8.9	9	9.7	9.5	10.4	8.8	9.1	9.1	8.8	9.1	8.5	8.3	8.6	8.3	8.2	8.3	8.4	8.5	8.3	8.8	8.6	9.1	8.8	8.8	8.9	9.2	9	8.7	8.8	8.7	8.6	8.6	8.5	8.7	8.6	8.4	8.2	8	8	8.1	7.8	7.9	7.5	7.8	7.7	7.8	8.1	8.1	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.5	8.1	8.8	8.3	8.9	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.8	8.7	8.3	8.6
Netherlands	9.6	9.6	9.5	9.6	9.8	9.7	8.8	8.9	8.8	8.7	8.7	8.3	8.4	8.4	8.1	8.2	8.1	8.2	8.1	8.3	8.4	8.4	8.7	8.8	8.7	8.8	8.9	8.8	8.7	8.9	8.8	8.7	9	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.7	8.4	8.3	8.6	8.5	8.3	8.2	8.2	8.1	8.1	8	8.2	7.9	8.3	8.3	8.1	8.2	8.5	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.2	7.9	8.1	8	7.7	8	7.9	7.6	7.6
Belgium	9.5	9.5	9.4	10	9.7	11	9.5	9.7	9.6	9.5	9.8	9.3	9.8	9.8	9.4	9.7	9.6	9.8	9.5	9.6	9.9	9.7	10.3	10.2	10.1	10.2	10.3	10.3	10.2	10.3	10.3	10.3	10.6	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.8	10.6	10.7	11.3	11.3	11.2	11.6	11.4	11.4	11.5	11.4	11.7	11.5	12.1	12.2	11.9	12.1	12.1	12.4	12.3	12.5	12.7	12	12.1	12.2	11.7	12.6	12.2	11.6	12.4
Ireland	6.5	6.5	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.4	6.2	6.4	6.3	6.4	6.4	6.3	6.4	6.3	6.2	6.1	6.3	6.3	6.4	6.7	6.8	7	7.3	7.5	7.8	8.2	8.7	8.5	8.6	8.7	8.9	8.6	9	8.7	8.9	8.9	9.1	9	8.9	9.5	9.4	9.1	9.4	9.3	9.5	9.8	10	10.2	10.2	10.5	10.4	11.1	11.1	11.3	10.7	11.4	11.5	11.4	10.8	12.2	11.5	11.4	11.8	11.9	12.3	11.5
Austria	9.5	9.6	9.8	10.3	10.3	10.3	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.2	9.6	9.2	9.4	9.4	9.1	9.2	9.3	9	9	9	9.1	9.1	9.5	9.4	9.3	9.6	9.8	9.8	10	10.2	10.2	10.2	10.4	10.6	10.8	10.8	10.9	11	11.2	11.5	11.8	11.7	12.3	12.1	12.2	12.2	12.2	12.5	12.2	12.6	12.7	12.4	12.2	12.6	13	13.2	13.3	12.9	12.9	12.5	13	12.3	12.8	12.7	12.1	12.7
Finland	10.5	10.4	11	11.4	10.4	10	9.8	9.9	9.8	9.8	9.6	9.6	9.5	9.6	9.4	9.5	9.3	9.2	9.3	9.1	9.1	9.1	9.4	9.5	9.4	9.5	9.6	9.6	9.6	9.6	9.6	9.4	10.1	9.9	9.8	10	9.9	9.9	9.7	9.6	9.8	9.2	9.3	9	9.3	9.3	9.2	9.2	9.3	9.5	9.3	9.5	9.3	9.5	9.9	9.6	9.9	9.7	9.5	9.5	9.7	9.3	9.3	9.5	9.1	9
Portugal	10.7	10.5	10.7	11.6	12	11.9	10.8	10.9	10.6	10.7	10.5	10.1	10.2	10.2	9.7	10	9.9	9.9	9.8	9.7	10.2	9.7	10.4	10.2	10.1	10.2	10.6	10.5	10.4	10.6	10.3	9.9	10.6	10.1	10.4	10.3	9.6	9.8	9.5	9.5	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.3	9.7	9.7	9.6	10.1	10.2	10.9	10.8	11.1	11.1	10.5	11.4	10.7	11.5	10.7	10.8	11.2	10.6	10.7	10.9	10.8	11.2	10.7
Greece	11.7	12.1	12.2	13.4	13.7	12.4	11.8	11.3	11.6	11.1	11.2	10.5	10.2	10.6	10	9.8	9.8	9.7	9.9	9.6	9.6	9.6	9.7	9.5	9.4	9.7	9.6	9.6	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.3	9.3	9.4	9.3	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.6	9.2	9.4	8.9	9.2	8.8	8.9	9.1	8.6	8.7	9	8.9	8.9	8.5	8.7	8.6	8.4	8.4	8.2	8.4	8.3	7.9	7.9	8.2	7.9	7.9	7.6	7.3
Slovakia	9.9	9.9	10	11	13.5	10.8	9.8	10	9.9	9.6	9.9	9.5	9.6	9.7	9.6	9.9	9.8	9.9	10	9.9	10	9.7	9.7	9.6	9.7	9.8	9.7	9.9	9.7	9.5	9.8	9.6	9.9	10.1	10.3	10.3	10.2	10	10	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.3	10	9.9	10.2	9.7	9.8	9.7	9.5	9.5	9.6	9.4	9	9.4	9.3	9	8.5	8	8.2	8.2	7.6	7.7	8.1	7.5	7.8
Bulgaria	15.5	15.6	15.7	18.4	22.9	19	16.3	16.2	16.1	15.6	15.8	15.4	14.6	15	14.7	14.9	14.5	14.8	15	14.9	14.8	14.3	14.4	14.4	14	14.1	13.6	14.3	14.7	14	13.6	13.2	12.9	12.6	12.8	12.5	12	12	12	11.6	12	11.3	11.4	11.2	10.7	11.1	10.7	10.5	10.7	10.1	10.3	9.8	9.5	9.8	9.7	9.1	9.5	8.6	9	8.3	8.2	7.9	8.2	8.7	7.9	8.1
Luxembourg	6.4	6.6	6.6	6.8	7	7.3	6.9	7.1	7.1	6.8	7	6.9	7	7.3	7.4	7.4	7.3	7.4	8.1	8	7.8	7.8	9	8.4	8.4	8.6	8.8	9.2	9.4	9.4	9.3	9.4	9.8	10.3	9.7	9.9	10.6	10.3	10.8	10.8	11	11.1	11.3	11.3	11.2	11.3	11	11.6	11.3	12.5	12.2	12.2	12	11.9	12.8	12.2	12.4	12.2	12.3	12.1	12.2	11.8	12.1	12.6	11.4	11.8
Croatia	12.9	13.2	13.3	14.8	16.2	14.6	13.1	13.2	13.2	12.6	13	12.1	11.9	12.1	11.9	12.1	12.2	12.1	12.1	11.7	12	11.5	12.2	11.7	11.5	11.2	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.1	10.9	10.6	11.1	11.3	11.7	10.9	11	11.1	11.2	11	11.1	11.6	11.8	11	11.2	10.9	10.5	10.6	9.9	9.9	10.1	10	10.2	10.8	10.1	10	10.7	10	9.5	8.8	9.3	10.1	9.1	10	9.1	10
Lithuania	13	13	12.9	15.1	17	15.5	13.6	14	14.1	14.3	14.4	13.7	14	13.7	13.6	13.6	13.3	13.7	14.1	13.7	13.2	12.2	12	11.9	11.6	11.1	11.4	11.5	11.5	11.9	12.5	12.7	12.5	11.2	11.1	10.8	10.4	10.3	10.2	10	11.1	11	10.5	10.1	10.4	10.5	10.3	10.1	9.8	9.6	9.5	9	9	9.1	8.5	8.9	8.7	8.4	8.1	7.9	7.9	7.4	8	8.7	7.9	7.8
Slovenia	9.9	10.1	10.2	10.6	11	11.4	9.9	9.9	9.9	9.5	9.6	9.2	9.4	9.4	9.1	9.1	9.2	9.1	9.2	9.1	9.4	9.3	9.7	9.4	9.3	9.3	9.5	9.6	9.5	9.4	9.5	9.7	10	9.7	9.7	9.3	9.4	9.6	10	9.9	10.2	10.5	10.8	10.3	9.8	9.9	9.6	9.9	9.6	10	10.1	9.7	10	10.4	10	10.1	10.8	10.2	9.7	9.1	9.7	10.2	9.3	9.9	8.8	9.6
Latvia	14.1	14.3	14.9	16.3	18.4	15.2	14.5	15	14.8	14.6	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.3	13.9	14.3	14	14.2	15	14.9	14.6	14.2	14.2	14.1	14.1	13.6	13.7	14.2	13.8	14	15.7	16.6	15.3	13.5	13.1	13.1	12.2	12.2	12.2	12	13.2	13	12.7	12.3	12.7	12.8	12.8	12.5	12.4	12.3	12.2	11.5	11.6	11.4	11.1	11.3	11.2	10.8	10.6	10.2	10.1	9.4	10.3	10.8	10.1	10
Estonia	11.5	11.5	11.7	12.8	14	11.9	11.6	11.9	11.8	11.7	11.6	11.8	11.6	11.7	11.5	11.9	12.1	12.5	13	12.9	12.8	13	13.2	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.3	14	13.3	13.4	14.5	15.2	14.2	13.1	12.6	12.4	11.8	11.9	11.8	11.7	12.7	12.6	12.1	11.9	12.3	12.3	12.3	12.2	11.8	12.1	11.6	10.9	11.1	11.1	10.9	11.2	11.3	10.7	10.4	10.5	10.4	10	10.5	10.9	10.6	10.5
Cyprus	6.9	6.9	7	7.8	7.8	7.1	7	6.5	6.9	6.3	6.8	6.3	6	6.6	6.5	6.2	6.4	6.6	7	6.8	7.3	7.2	7.2	7.3	6.9	7.7	7.4	8	7.7	7.5	7.6	7.7	7.6	8.5	8.5	8.4	8.5	8.8	8.9	8.4	8.5	8	8.6	8.4	8.4	9.3	8.4	8.4	9.1	8.6	7.9	8.9	9.5	9.6	9.7	9.8	9.8	9.9	10	10.1	10.3	10.6	10.4	10.6	10.8
Malta	7.3	7.3	7.3	8	8	7.9	7.3	7.6	7.6	7.4	7.7	7.5	7.6	8.1	7.8	7.3	7.8	7.9	7.6	7.9	7.8	7.5	7.9	7.6	7.4	7.5	7.9	7.8	7.5	7.3	7.2	7.2	7.3	7.9	7.9	7.8	7.4	7.8	8.4	8.3	8.4	8.8	9.5	9.4	9.6	10.2	9.5	10.5	9.4	9.7	9.5	9.1	9.7	9.6	10.2	10.1	9.9	9.4	9.6	9.1	9.4	8.6	9.2	8.8	9	8.6
Poland	11.1	11.2	11.1	12.2	14	12.7	10.8	10.9	10.6	10.2	10.4	9.9	10.2	10.1	9.9	9.9	10.1	10	9.9	9.7	9.6	9.5	9.6	9.4	9.5	9.6	9.9	9.7	9.8	10	10	10	10.2	10.3	10.6	10.2	10.1	9.9	10.1	10.1	10.3	10	9.6	9.3	9.2	9.8	9.2	9.4	9	8.9	8.7	8.2	8.4	8	8.7	8.2	8.1	7.6	7.7	7.4	7.4	7.6	7.5	7.9	7.6	7.6
Sweden	8.7	8.6	9	9	8.8	9.5	8.6	9.1	9.1	9.2	9.3	9.2	9.4	9.7	9.5	9.6	9.7	9.9	10	10	10.2	10.1	10.4	10.6	10.5	10.5	10.7	10.5	10.6	10.6	10.6	10.5	11.1	10.9	11	11.1	10.8	11.5	11.1	11.1	11.3	10.9	10.9	10.9	11.1	11	11	10.8	10.7	11	10.8	10.6	10.5	10.3	10.2	9.9	10.5	10.4	10.1	10	10.1	10	10.1	10.2	9.8	10
Romania	12.5	12.8	12.8	14.4	17.5	15.5	13.4	13.6	13.4	13.1	13.2	12.8	12.4	12.7	12.5	12.8	12.6	12.3	12.1	12.2	12.3	12.1	12.4	12.4	11.7	11.4	11.8	12	12.4	12.7	12	11.7	11.6	11.6	10.9	10.6	10.7	11	11.1	10.6	10.9	10.3	10.4	10	10	10.4	9.8	9.7	9.6	9.5	9.3	9.1	9.8	9.2	9.5	9.5	10.1	9.5	9.2	8.2	8.6	8.1	8.3	9.2	8.7	8.7
Czechia	10.4	10.3	10.4	11.3	13.3	12.1	10.5	10.6	10.5	10.2	10.5	10	10.4	10.3	10.2	10.2	10.3	10.1	10.2	10.2	10.6	10.5	10.9	10.6	10.5	10.6	10.7	10.6	10.9	10.9	11.4	11.4	11.4	11.7	12.1	12.5	12.3	12.1	12.3	12.8	12.7	12.8	13	12.7	12.7	13.2	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.7	12.5	12.1	12.5	12.5	12.2	11.7	11.1	10.8	10.7	10.5	10.4	10.8	9.9	9.8
Denmark	9.7	9.5	9.8	10.1	9.8	9.4	9.3	9.5	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.1	9.3	9.4	9.4	9.8	9.9	9.9	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.3	10.7	10.9	10.9	10.9	11.1	11	11.3	11.6	12.1	11.7	12.1	11.8	11.6	11.9	11.6	11.5	11.3	11.3	11.4	11.2	11.2	10.8	11	10.9	10.7	10.4	9.9	10.6	10.1	10.2	10.1	10.1	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.7	9.9	10.3	10.1	9.9	9.8	9.8	9.4	9.5
Hungary	13.1	13.4	13.4	14.2	16.2	14.6	13.4	13.5	13.6	13	13.4	12.8	12.8	13	12.9	13	13	13	13.2	13.1	13.5	13.1	13.4	13.1	13	13.3	14	13.7	13.5	13.9	14.1	14.2	14.5	14.3	14	14	13.8	13.2	13.4	13.8	13.9	13.8	13.9	13.5	13.5	13.6	12.8	13.1	12.4	12.5	12.4	12	11.8	11.4	11.9	11.6	11.3	11.2	10.7	10	10.7	10	9.9	10.8	9.6	10.2
Natural population change rate29
European Union	-3	-2.8	-2.6	-2.9	-2.7	-2.5	-1.1	-1	-0.7	-0.4	-0.7	0	-0.3	-0.1	0.3	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.6	0	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.6	0.8	1.3	1.4	1.8	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.6	2.6	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.9	4	4.4	4.4	4.5	5.2	5	5.5	5.8	6	6.3	7	7.7	7.6	7.8	8.6	8.2	7.9	8.8
Euro area	-2.8	-2.6	-2.6	-2.8	-2.3	-2.4	-1.1	-1	-0.8	-0.3	-0.6	0.1	-0.1
Germany	-4.2	-4	-4	-3.9	-2.7	-2.6	-1.9	-2	-1.8	-1.4	-2.3	-1.9	-2.6	-2.4	-2.4	-2.2	-2.3	-2	-1.7	-1.8	-1.8	-1.4	-1.8	-1.5	-1.1	-0.9	-0.9	-0.8	-0.6	-1.1	-1.5	-1.4	-1.2	-0.9	-1	0.2	-0.3	-0.2	-0.7	-1.2	-1.9	-1.8	-2			-1.5					-2.4					1.2			5.5	6.1	6.2	7.2	6.6	6.6	6.8	5.9
France	-0.1	0.3	0.6	0.8	1.2	1	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.9	3.1	3.9	3.7	3.8	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.5	4.5	4.8	4.3	4.5	3.7	4	4.3	4.4	3.8	3.7
Italy	-5	-4.8	-4.9	-5.5	-5.1	-5.6	-3.6	-3.2	-3.2	-2.4	-2.7	-1.6	-1.4	-1.3	-0.8	-0.4	-0.4	-0.1	-0.1	0	-0.2	0.3	-0.7	-0.3	-0.2	-0.2	-0.4	-0.6	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5	-0.4	0	0.4	0.2	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.9	0.7	1.5	1.4	1.5	2.3	3	3.5	4.1	4.9	6.1	6	6.7	7.1	7.1	7.3	7.5	8.3	9.2	9.1	10.2	8.7	8.4	9.1	8.6
Spain	-2.5	-2.4	-2.3	-2.8	-2.4	-3.2	-1.2	-1.2	-0.7	0	0	0.7	0.8	1.1	1.8	2.3	2.4	2.9	2.4	2.5	1.8	1.9	1.4	1.2	1.2	0.9	0.2	0.1	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.7	1.5	1.8	2.2	2.6	3	3.3	3.7	4.5	4.8	6	6.3	7.5	8.4	9.2	9.9	10.5	10.4	11.1	10.8	11.3	10.8	11.3	11	11.7	12.3	12.3	12.7	13.5	12.6	12.4	12.9	13.1
Netherlands	-0.5	-0.3	-0.3	-0.1	0.5	0	1	0.9	1.1	1.4	1.4	2.1	1.8	2.1	2.7	2.9	3.1	3	2.9	3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.9	4.2	3.8	3.9	3.6	3.3	3.5	4	3.8	4.4	4.6	4.6	4	4.2	4.4	4.1	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.8	4.4	4.7	4.4	4.4	4.6	4.5	4.7	5.7	6.3	7.5	8.9	9.9	10.9	10.4	11	11.2	12	13	12.9	12.9	13.7	13.2
Belgium	-0.3	-0.2	0	-0.2	0.5	-1.1	0.8	0.7	0.9	1.2	1	1.8	1.5	1.7	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.2	2	1.6	1.5	0.7	0.7	1.2	1.1	0.9	0.9	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.3	1.4	2	2.2	2	1.4	1.5	1.2	0.6	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.8	1.2	1.1	1.2	0.7	0.9	0.2	0	0.8	1.1	1.9	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.1	3.2	3.7	4.3	5.4	4.6	4.6	5.6	4.3
Ireland	3.4	3.4	3.7	3.7	5.1	4.7	5.7	6.1	6.5	7	7.5	8.2	8.5	9.2	10	10.4	10.4	10.4	9.8	8.6	8	8.2	8.1	7.8	7.1	6.1	5.7	6	5.8	5.2	4.6	4.8	4.8	5.7	6.1	6.2	5.7	6.5	7.6	7.9	8.2	9.1	9.7	11	11.4	11.9	11.5	11	10.7	10.4	10.7	10.8	11.2	11.2	11.9	10.4	9.9	9.6	10.3	9.4	10.6	11	10.3	9.9	8.9	9.9
Austria	-1.3	-1.2	-1.3	-1.2	-0.7	-0.9	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.8	0.2	0.4	0	-0.1	0.2	0.2	-0.1	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.6	0	0.3	0.1	0.2	0	0.4	0.6	1	0.9	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.4	1	0.7	0.6	0.2	0	-0.3	0.1	-0.4	0.5	0.2	-0.2	-0.7	-1.2	-0.9	-1	-0.3	0.4	0.7	1.2	1.5	1.8	3	4.1	4.3	5.1	4.9	6.2	6	5.9	6.5	5.2
Finland	-2.4	-2.6	-3.2	-3.3	-1.5	-1.6	-1.5	-1.3	-0.6	-0.2	0.5	0.9	1.2	1.4	1.7	1.9	2	2	1.8	2	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.5	2	2.3	2.7	3.4	2.7	3.3	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.9	2.4	2.7	3	4.1	4.4	4.7	4	3.9	4.1	4.3	4.6	4.7	4.6	3.8	2.9	3.2	3.3	4.4	4.6	6.2	7.3	7.5	7.3	8.3	8.9	8.6	9.3	9.6
Portugal	-3	-3	-2.9	-3.8	-4.3	-3.7	-2.4	-2.5	-2.3	-2.3	-2.2	-2.2	-2.3	-1.7	-0.6	-0.4	-0.5	0	-0.1	0.3	0.2	0.7	0.4	0.8	0.7	1.4	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.3	0.4	1	0.8	1.4	1.2	1.4	2.3	2.4	2.8	3.1	3.3	4.6	4.8	5.9	5.7	6.5	7	7.5	9	9.1	9	8.6	8.9	9.8	9.6	10.1	10.1	11.4	12	12	12.8	13.3	12.6	13.7	13.2	13.4
Greece	-5.3	-5.5	-5.4	-6.1	-5.6	-4.4	-3.9	-3.2	-3.4	-2.4	-2.7	-2	-1.6	-1.5	-0.4	0.5	0.9	0.9	0.2	0.6	0.2	0.1	-0.1	0	0	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	0.2	0	0.1	0.6	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.5	1.1	2.1	2.4	3.8	4.3	5.2	5.6	6.3	6.9	6.9	6.4	7	6.9	7.6	6.7	7.2	7.6	8.1	9.4	10	10.5	10.1	9.9	9.8	9.6	10.1	10.3	11.6
Slovakia	-2.1	-1.4	-1	-1.3	-3.1	-0.4	0.7	0.6	0.7	1	0.3	0.7	0.5	0.6	1.7	1.3	1.5	0.8	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	0.5	0.7	0.8	1.3	1.7	1.6	2.8	3.9	4	4.5	4.8	5	5.9	6.1	6.5	7.3	7.6	7.8	8.4	8.7	8.9	10.6	10.7	10.8	11.4	11.1	11.2	10.6	10.1	8.8	8.5	8.7	8.5	9.5	10.2	11.1	12.5	12.7	11.7	13.3	14
Bulgaria	-7.7	-7.3	-6.8	-9.6	-13.9	-10	-7	-6.9	-6.7	-6.2	-6.3	-5.8	-5.3	-5.5	-5.1	-4.7	-3.6	-4.4	-5	-5.2	-5.5	-5.2	-5.7	-5.9	-5.5	-5.1	-4.8	-6.4	-6.9	-5.4	-5.1	-3.8	-3	-2.2	-1.7	-0.4	0.6	1.1	1.1	1.8	1.3	2.3	2.3	2.7	3.3	3.4	4.6	5	5.4	6.5	6.3	7.4	6.8	5.5	6.2	7.3	7.5	8.3	6	6.6	7.2	8.2	8.2	8.1	9.5	9.7
Luxembourg	3	2.9	2.8	3.1	3.4	2.9	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.6	3.7	4	4.2	4	3.5	4.2	4	4.1	3.4	3.7	3.8	4.1	2.8	3.6	3.9	4.5	4.2	3.5	3.8	4.3	4	4.1	3.6	2.9	3.2	3	1.8	2	0.6	0.9	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.8	0.2	0.3	-0.3	-0.1	-1.6	-1.1	-1.1	-1.1	-0.1	0.2	0.8	0.9	1.8	2.5	3.4	3.7	4.2	3.7	3.4	4.7	4.2
Croatia	-4.5	-4.9	-5	-6	-6.8	-5.4	-4	-3.9	-4.2	-3.4	-4	-2.7	-2.5	-2.3	-2.3	-2	-1.8	-1.9	-2.4	-2.1	-2.2	-2.2	-3	-2.4	-2	-1.5	-1.5	-1.2	0.8	0.7	-0.1	-0.2	-0.5	-1.1	-0.6	0.7	0.6	1.2	1.3	1.8	2.3	2.3	2.2	3.4	3.5	3.9	4.5	4.4	5	4.8	4.7	5	4.9	4.1	4.5	3.8	3.8	5	5.9	7.7	7.3	6.1	7.4	7.2	8.7	8.4
Lithuania	-6.9	-6.4	-5.7	-7.4	-8.7	-7.1	-4.7	-4.5	-4.3	-4	-4	-3.7	-4.3	-3.7	-3.6	-3.7	-3.1	-3.8	-4.8	-4.7	-4.3	-3.4	-3.2	-3.3	-2.7	-1.4	-1	-1.1	-0.9	-1.1	-1.1	-1.1	0.4	3.5	4.1	4.6	4.8	5.2	6.2	6.7	5.4	5.4	6.1	5.2	4.9	4.7	5	5.3	5.7	6.1	6.2	6.8	7	7.9	9.1	8.7	8.7	9.3	9.6	10.1	10.2	11.6	11.7	12.2	14.3	14.7
Slovenia	-2	-2.2	-2.1	-2.3	-2	-2.5	-0.6	-0.4	-0.1	0.3	0.4	1.1	0.9	1.3	1.6	1.8	1.5	1.7	0.6	0.4	-0.3	-0.3	-1.1	-0.6	-0.5	-0.2	-0.7	-0.6	-0.4	0.1	0	0.1	-0.1	0.3	1.1	1.9	2.4	3	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.4	4.8	5.5	5.8	6.6	6.4	6.7	6.7	6.5	6.4	6.8	6	6.2	5.8	5.4	6.5	8	9.4	8.9	7.6	8.7	8.2	9.4	8
Latvia	-7.7	-7.4	-7.2	-7.8	-9.1	-5.9	-4.7	-4.9	-4.1	-3.4	-3.3	-3.4	-4	-4.5	-4.7	-4.9	-3.7	-3	-4.1	-4.6	-4.9	-5.1	-4.9	-5.4	-5.7	-5	-5.6	-6.6	-6	-5.9	-7	-6.9	-4.9	-1.5	0	1.2	2.4	3.3	3.8	4.1	2.2	2.9	3.2	2.5	1.4	1.4	1	1.2	1.4	1.7	1.9	2.8	2.4	3.2	3.8	3.3	2.9	3.3	3.4	3.8	3.7	5.3	5	5.3	6.6	6.7
Estonia	-4.7	-4.4	-3.7	-4.2	-4	-2	-1	-1	-1.3	-1	-1	-1.5	-1.3	-1.1	-0.4	0	-0.2	-0.5	-1.2	-1.8	-2.2	-2.7	-3.7	-3.9	-4.2	-3.8	-4.3	-5.3	-4.3	-4.1	-5.1	-5.5	-4	-1.4	-0.2	1.8	3.7	4.2	4.4	4	2.8	3.4	4	3.5	3.1	2.7	2.6	2.8	3.4	3.1	3.3	4.3	4	4.5	5.1	4.7	4.2	4.2	3.8	3.7	4.2	5.4	4.8	5.2	5.9	6.1
Cyprus	2.5	3.1	3.7	3.1	3.4	3.9	3.7	4	3.7	4.6	3.8	4.5	4.9	5.2	4.8	5.7	5.5	5.1	4.2	4.8	3.8	4.2	4	3.8	4.8	4.5	5	5.1	6.1	7.1	7.6	8.5	9.1	10.1	9	10	9.6	10.5	9.8	11.2	11	12.6	12.1	12.3	11.1	11.1	11.3	10.4	9.2	10.1	8.1	4.7	8.7	8.9	9.1	9.4	10	10.7	11.4	12.2	12.9	13.7	14.6	15	15.4
Malta	0.2	0.3	0.8	0.1	0.4	0.6	1.3	1.6	1.6	2.5	2	2.1	1.9	1.7	2.2	2.1	2	1.9	1.6	1.4	1.8	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.7	3.7	3.4	4.3	5.2	6	5	5.7	6.6	7	6.7	7.4	8.5	8.1	7	7.1	7.7	8.1	7.6	8.8	7	7.5	9.1	7.7	9.5	8.9	9.3	8.9	7.7	8.2	8.2	7.4	6.8	7.3	7.5	7.9	8.2	11.3	11.4	14.4	14.6	17.6
Poland	-4.6	-4.3	-3.7	-3.9	-5.1	-3.3	-0.9	-0.7	0	-0.2	-0.7	0	-0.5	0	0.3	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.3	0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.3	0	0.5	0.8	1.1	1.2	2.5	2.7	3.1	3.7	4.1	4.8	5.7	6	6.9	8	9.1	10.2	10.1	9.8	9.7	10.4	9.8	10.2	10.7	10.3	10.3	9.6	9.5	8.6	8.6	8.2	8.7	8.6	9.4	10	10.5	11.7	11.9	13.3	15
Sweden	0.5	0.7	0.5	1	2.1	1.4	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.7	2.4	2.7	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.7	2.3	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.1	1.2	0.7	0.1	-0.3	-0.3	-0.7	-0.5	-0.3	0.1	1.1	2.3	2.4	3.2	3.3	3.4	2.8	1.8	1.4	1	0.5	0.4	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.6	0.6	0.4	1	0.9	1.9	2.9	3	3.5	3.9	3.7	3	3.9	5.3	5.8	5.8	6	4.8	4	4.1	3.6
Romania	-5.5	-5.3	-4.4	-4.8	-7.4	-5.3	-3.1	-3.1	-2.6	-2.7	-3.1	-2.8	-2.9	-2.7	-2.7	-2.3	-1.7	-1.5	-1.8	-1.8	-1.9	-2	-2.5	-2.7	-1.8	-0.9	-1.4	-1.4	-1.9	-2.4	-1.5	-0.9	-0.6	-0.2	1	2.9	5.3	5.5	5.6	5.9	4.9	5.2	3.9	5.4	7	7.5	8.7	9.3	9.9	9.9	10.4	11.2	8.4	9.7	10.1	11.5	13.2	17	17.8	6	6	7.1	7.4	6.9	8.8	10.4
Czechia	-3.3	-2.6	-2	-1.8	-2.7	-1.8	0	0.1	0.3	0.5	0	0.4	-0.2	0	0.2	1	1	1.4	1	0.1	-0.6	-0.9	-1.7	-1.5	-1.7	-1.8	-2	-1.8	-2.1	-2.2	-2.1	-1	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.1	0.7	0.4	0.1	0.4	0.5	0.3	1.1	1.4	1.8	4.3	5.1	5.5	6.1	6.7	6.7	5.8	4.5	3.2	2.5	2.3	2.3	3	3.6	4.3	5.4	5	3	3.8	3.6
Denmark	0.2	0	-0.2	-0.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.5	1	1	0.6	1	1.2	1.6	1.4	1.9	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.3	1	1.3	1.7	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.6	0.9	1.3	0.9	0.5	0.4	0	-0.4	-0.5	-0.9	-1	-1.2	-0.5	-0.6	0.3	0.9	1.8	2.2	2.2	4.2	3.9	4.3	5	5.3	4.6	4.8	5.6	6.9	8.1	8	7.7	7.8	7	7.2	7.1
Hungary	-5.4	-5.1	-4.3	-4.9	-6.5	-4.9	-3.8	-3.9	-3.8	-3.3	-4	-3.4	-3.8	-3.9	-4.1	-4	-3.4	-3.1	-3.5	-3.2	-3.8	-3.7	-4.1	-3.5	-3.4	-3.7	-4.7	-4.2	-3.8	-3.7	-3.2	-3	-3.2	-2.6	-1.7	-1.9	-2	-1.5	-1.6	-1.8	-1.6	-2	-2	-1	-0.2	0.3	2.2	2.6	4.3	5	6	5.8	3.1	3.3	2.7	3.1	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.6	2.5	3.1	3.2	2.2	4.4	4.5
Net migration rate29
European Union	4.6	5.4	6.4	7.1	3.2	0.3	3	2.9	2.1	1.8	3.1	1.5	1	1.1	1.5	1.3	1.3	2.3	2.9	2.7	3	3.4	3.8	3.3	0.8	1.6	1.8	1	1	1.3	1.4	1.4	2.1	2.3	0.7	1.7	1.1	1.3	0.4	0.6	0.1	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	0.4	1.1	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	1	0.6	1.3	1.2	1	-1.8	0.8	-0.3	-0.4	0	0.1	0	0.6	2.3	-0.3
Euro area	5.2	6.2	7.3	7	3.7	2.4	3.4	3.3	2.4	2	3.7	1.6	1.1
Germany	2.9	5.4	8.1	2.5	3.7	2.4	3.7	4.8	5.1	5.6	14.3	7.2	5.6	4.9	3.7	1.6	-0.1	-0.7	0.5	0.3	1	1	1.7	2.7	3.3	2	2.5	0.6	1.1	3.4	4.9	3.9	5.7	9.6	7.5	16.3	15.8	7.9	2.3	3.2	1.5	-2.4	-1.9			5.1					-3.2					-4.4			-2.9	2.2	5.8	5.2	4.1	5	4.4	6.8
France	3.4	2.8	2.8	4.3	4.2	2.8	0.6	1.7	0.8	-0.3	-0.4	0.5	1.5	1.1	0.3	0.6	0.5	0.9	1.2	1.8	3	3.2	3.2	3.1	3	2.7	2.6	0
Italy	5	4.3	4.5	4.9	1.6	-1.2	0.7	1.2	1	0.7	0.5	0.8	2.6	4.2	3.4	4.7	4.9	7.2	8.5	3.8	4.4	7.2	8.2	3.7	0.8	0.9	0.6	0.7	0.9	1	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2	-0.1	-0.3	-0.4	-0.5	-0.6	-0.8	-0.6	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	-2.8	-2	-1.8	-1.7	-1.5	-1.6	-1.2	-1.2	-1.2	-1.3	-2.7	-1.6
Spain	11.8	12.8	13.4	15.3	4.2	5	9.7	7	3.8	1.7	-0.1	-2.2	-5.4	-3	1.4	1.6	3	9.5	17.2	14.9	14.5	15.5	15.7	17.9	7.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	2.9	-1	-0.8	-0.7	-0.6	-0.6	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	0.2	0.2	0	0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0	0	0	0	2.1	-2.2	-0.8	2.9	-3	-1.6	-3	-3.3	-4.1	-2.7	-4.7
Netherlands	5.2	6	7.6	12.6	6.1	3.9	6.2	5	4.7	4.6	3.2	2.1	1.2	0.8	1.8	2	2.3	1.9	-0.1	-1.6	-1.4	-0.6	0.4	1.7	3.5	3.6	2.8	2.8	1.9	1.4	1	1.3	2.9	2.8	3.3	3.3	1.8	1.9	2.4	1.8	1.4	0.3	0.2	-0.1	1	3.6	3.1	1.9	1.5	1.3	5.1	2.3	1.4	1.3	2.5	2.5	1.5	0.4	-1	1.5	1.4	1.1	-0.2	1.4	0.5	-1.1
Belgium	6.4	5.9	6.4	10.9	4.9	3.9	5	4.3	3.2	2.4	5.5	3.2	4.5	3.9	4.6	7.9	5.9	5.9	5.5	4.9	4.7	3.2	3.2	3.7	3.3	1.3	1.6	1.2	1	1.5	0.2	1.7	1.8	2.6	1.3	2	0.7	3.7	-0.1	0	-0.1	0	-0.8	-0.5	-2.1	-0.2	0.2	-0.3	0.5	0.8	2.5	2.5	1.9	1.3	2.3	-3.4	0.7	0.6	1.9	2.3	3.2	5.3	3.7	2.1	-4.3	1
Ireland	9.4	13.1	11.4	18.7	12	6.1	8.8	11.2	5.2	8.3	2.8	0.4	-2.5	-4.8	-5.9	-5.6	-4.2	3.7	16.9	22.2	15.2	12.2	8.1	8.6	10.2	8.4	6.5	4.4	4.7	4.4	1.6	-0.8	-0.9	0.5	1.4	-2.2	-8	-12.1	-10.6	-4.8	-10.5	-3.6	-2.8	-3.8	0.3	-0.2	-0.2	4.4	2.2	3.7	5.4	6	5.1	4.5	2	-0.9	-2.7	-5.1	-5.7	-4.5	-7.5	-6.6	-5	-3.5	-7	-14.8
Austria	3.3	5.4	7.2	15.1	5.8	4.4	4.6	4	5.1	7.5	13.2	8.6	6.6	5.2	3.7	2.6	2.1	2.9	2.8	3	6.1	6.6	5.2	4.3	5.2	2.2	2.5	1.1	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.4	4.2	9.1	9.9	7.6	5.9	1.7	0.2	0.8	0.7	0.4	-0.2	-3.1	3.9	1.2	-0.3	-1.2	1.7	1	-3.2	-2.2	4.5	4.7	4.2	1.4	0.7	-0.9	2.9	2.6	1.4	0.4	0.7	0.2	-0.4	-0.3
Finland	5.4	8.3	10.4	6.1	4.1	3.2	2.8	2.1	2.4	3.1	2.3	2.8	3.3	3.3	3.1	2.6	2.7	2.9	2.6	2	1.7	1.3	1.1	1	1.2	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.7	1.8	1.8	2.9	1.7	1.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.8	1.4	1.4	1.1	-0.5	-1.4	-1.9	-1.2	-2.5	-0.8	1.2	2.6	2.7	2.7	-7.9	-8.8	-3.2	-1.2	-2.7	-4.6	-4.4	-1.7	-1.6	-2.6	-2.1
Portugal	6.2	19.2	27.8	34.5	6.9	3.4	6.5	2.3	1.4	-0.1	-0.3	-2.5	-3.4	-3.5	-0.7	0.4	1.5	0.9	2.1	1.6	1.5	1.4	2.4	4	5.4	6.5	5.3	4.5	4.1	3.7	3.1	2.4	1.1	-0.9	-3.3	-3.9	-4.1	-3.5	-3.8	-2.7	-1.9	-0.5	-1.2	-0.2	0.8	4.3	3.8	3.2	2	1.2	38.2	19.9	-9.7	-8.3	-14.1	-14	-23.8	-15.6	-16.3	-20.4	-19.5	-14.8	-10.1	-8.2	-4.3	-6.3
Greece	4.8	5.2	2.9	0.4	-3.3	-1	1.7	0.2	-0.4	-0.2	-4.9	-5	-6.2	-6	-2.9	-0.1	1.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.9	2.6	2.4	2.6	4.8	5.8	2.8	5.3	5.8	3.9	4.8	3.8	5.2	5.6	8.5	14.1	5.3	2.7	2	1.5	0.6	1	0.9	1.3	0.2	5.8	0.6	10.6	2	10.6	6.5	-2.2	-4.7	-0.1	-1.8	-5.3	-7.6	-4.4	-3	-1.3	-3.9	-6.4	-5.8	-6.6	-2	-4.1
Slovakia	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2	-1.5	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.5	-0.9	-0.1	0.4	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.5	-0.6	0.2	-4.1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.3	-0.6	-7.3	-0.4	-0.5	-0.7	-0.7	-0.8	-0.6	-0.8	-0.8	-0.7	-0.8	-2.3	-0.8	-0.7	-0.4	-0.5	-0.7	-0.6	-0.6	-0.7	-1.1	-7.7	-0.7	-1.1	-1.5	-1.2	-1.6	-1.9	-2.2	-1.6	-1.3	34.4
Bulgaria	5.5	6.1	6.4	4.2	6.3	4.3	-7.3	-7	-6.8	-6.8	-6.7	-6.6	-6.6	-0.3	-0.7	-2.4	-2.5	-2.4	-2.3	-2.3	-2.2	-2.1	-2	-2.2	-29.5	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0	0	-10.7	-6.9	-10.9	-25.3	0	0	0.1	-3.7	0	0	0	0	0	0	-6.9	-1.2	-0.3	-3.8	-0.2	-0.6	-1.2	-1.1	-1.3	-0.3	0	0	0	-0.7	0	0	0	0	0
Luxembourg	10.1	11.7	14	20.5	13.2	10.7	16.6	16.3	15.8	16.2	19.6	19.9	19	18.9	21.2	15.1	13.2	15.8	12.5	11.3	13.1	9.6	12	5.9	7.5	7.9	10.4	9	8.6	8.3	10.6	9.4	10.1	10.3	10.2	10.3	9.9	5.7	6.1	5.3	2.5	0.8	0.8	-0.9	1.2	3.7	3	1.7	2.3	2.9	9.7	14.3	14	9.3	14.9	3.2	5	2.1	-1.3	1.9	5.3	9.5	5	8.7	7.6	1.7
Croatia	4.9	8.1	7.8	3	-1.2	-4.9	-4.9	-7.5	-11.7	-9.3	-8	-6.1	-4.7	-0.9	-0.9	-1	0.2	1.4	2.1	2.3	2.5	3.4	3.1	2.4	4.3	-11.7	-5.1	-0.9	0.1	-11.3	-16.7	3.1	19.9	-7.7	-39.1	1.3	1.6	1.6	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.6	2	0.9	-3.2	-3.1	0.2	-0.1	0.7	0.3	-0.5	-0.2	0	0.1	0.2	1.6	1.4	0	-0.8	-0.4	0.2	-0.8	0	-1.8	-2.2
Lithuania	5.8	8	15.7	25.5	7	7.4	3.9	-0.4	-7.3	-8.7	-6.7	-3.5	-4.8	-6	-12.6	-25.2	-10.1	-5.1	-6.7	-7.5	-15.4	-9.5	-6.3	-3.4	-6.7	-5.8	-5.9	-6.2	-6.3	-6.5	-6.5	-6.6	-6.5	-6.8	-2.9	-2.4	0.3	5.6	4.3	3.7	3.5	2.9	2.3	2.6	1.4	0.6	-1.3	1.8	1.7	2.2	1.8	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.6	4.5	-1.2	1.7	2	2.3	1.8	0.9	0.6	0.2	1.3	1.8
Slovenia	4	5.4	5.4	6.9	1.2	8.7	7.8	7.2	0.6	0.5	0.2	-0.2	0.2	0.3	1	-0.3	5.6	9.2	7.1	3.1	3.2	0.9	1.8	1.1	2.5	1.4	5.4	-2.7	-0.7	-1.7	0.4	0	-2.2	-2.7	-1.6	-0.1	-2.4	-1.9	1.4	16.8	1.8	1.7	2	2.3	-8.7	2.9	4.5	3.9	4.8	6	10.4	-3.8	1.3	2.4	1.3	2.2	-0.6	-0.4	3.6	2.4	4.4	-0.1	2.5	-2.9	-2.8	-2.7
Latvia	-0.7	-2.3	-1.7	16.5	-0.2	-1.7	-1.8	-2.5	-4	-6.2	-5.4	-4.3	-7.1	-5.8	-9.7	-17	-16.1	-10.3	-3.6	-4	-4.9	-6.8	-5.1	-4	-8.2	-6.9	-1.7	-2.4	-3.9	-4.1	-5.5	-9.1	-12.6	-20.5	-5.7	-4.9	-1.5	6	7.3	5.3	4.7	3.3	3.1	3	2.3	1	1.2	3	4.8	3.5	4.9	5.9	6.5	4.6	4.6	2.9	4.6	6.1	6.6	1.9	5.9	7.6	8.8	7.6	7.2	9.2
Estonia	-2.1	1	10.1	29.5	5.3	2.8	4	5.3	4	0.8	3	-0.5	-2	-2.8	-2.9	-2.8	-1.6	-1.5	-2.1	-4	-3.8	-2.7	-2.8	-2.2	-2.4	-2.3	20.2	-4.7	-4.9	-9.5	-10.8	-14.3	-19	-27.1	-8.1	-3.6	-0.5	0.7	3.2	4	4.1	3	2.7	3.6	4.2	4.1	2.7	3.1	4.5	3.8	4	4	5	5.7	7.1	7.7	5.3	7.3	3.2	5.1	8.7	9	9.6	8	7.8	2.4
Cyprus	11.3	13.9	14.4	17.5	13.2	9.4	10	9.1	6.3	2.5	-0.5	-3.5	-8.2	-0.7	21.3	19.2	22	21.1	19.9	13.7	11	9.7	8.7	7.7	6.6	5.7	6.1	6.2	7.2	8	9.2	11	12.8	16.4	17.7	15	8	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.3	1	-8.9	9.2	1.6	-2.3	-3.8	-8.4	-10.7	-23.7	-30.5	0.7	4.9	0.9	-1.5	-1.5	-2.4	-3.5	-5.6	-4.8	-8.7	-3.3	-9.8	-11.3
Malta	23.9	18.7	37.9	41	7.4	1.8	42.1	35.9	31.5	18.9	22.4	22.4	13.9	10.1	4	0.2	5.6	5.7	3.8	0.1	4	4.8	4.2	4.4	5.5	3.1	2.7	1.5	2.1	1.9	0.2	3.1	3.4	3	4	2.4	1.3	1.6	-0.3	0	18.8	0.4	-15.7	27.8	-1	1.2	3.1	0.3	3.3	-14	6	-9.6	-8.4	-9.2	-8.8	-6.4	-18.6	-19	-19.3	-19.3	-19.5	-15.4	-15.5	-18.7	-18.6	-21.6
Poland	0.1	0.9	0.1	0.2	0.1	-20.3	0.5	0.6	0.1	0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.7	-0.1	-0.3	0.1	0	-0.4	-0.5	-0.9	-0.3	-0.2	-0.4	-0.5	-0.4	-0.5	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.5	-0.5	-0.4	-0.3	-0.4	-0.3	-0.7	-2.6	-0.9	-0.7	-0.5	-0.4	-0.7	-0.9	-0.7	-0.7	-0.9	-3.2	-0.9	-0.7	-0.3	-0.4	-0.3	-0.6	-0.9	-9	-0.7	-0.6	2.4	-1.2	-3.3	2.3	3.2	-0.3	-2.1	-4.4
Sweden	1.2	2.7	2.3	5.6	4.9	3.5	7	8.5	10.1	11.9	8.1	7.9	6.9	5.4	4.8	5.3	6.7	6	5.9	5.6	3	2.8	3.2	3.5	3.2	2.7	1.5	1.2	0.7	0.7	1.3	5.8	3.7	2.3	2.9	4.1	5.2	3.5	2.5	1.8	1.3	1	0.3	0.3	0.4	1.2	1.6	1.7	2.8	2.4	2	1.2	-1.2	-1.8	0.3	5.8	6.1	1.1	1	3.3	4.2	2.8	1.3	1.1	1.7	-0.1
Romania	5.4	4	5.1	5.4	-0.8	-1.3	-1.3	-3	-3	-3.2	-2.5	-1	-0.7	-1.1	-2.4	-2.4	-5.4	-8	-21.9	-4.1	-4	-4.5	-2.4	-6.8	-25.2	-0.2	-0.1	-0.3	-0.6	-0.9	-0.9	-0.7	-0.8	-1.2	-17.6	-3.7	-1	-0.8	-0.9	-0.8	-0.9	-1	-0.9	-0.8	-0.6	-0.8	-4.9	-0.5	-0.8	0	3.9	-0.6	-0.6	-0.4	-0.2	-0.6	-0.2	-9.1	1.3	7.7	-0.6	-0.7	-0.9	-0.4	-2.2	-0.9
Czechia	3.9	3.4	8.7	30.9	4.8	2.5	4.1	3.6	2.7	1.9	1.5	2.1	-0.1	1	1.6	1.4	2.4	6.5	7.7	2.9	3	1.3	2	0.7	-1.4	-2.7	0.9	0.9	1.2	1	1	1	0.5	1.1	0.3	-5.7	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	-4	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3	-12.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.5	-11.1
Denmark	5.3	5.3	5	10.2	4.6	1.9	1.6	3.2	4.2	5.7	7.4	4.8	3.8	3	2.4	3	2.8	4.6	3.7	1.9	1.2	0.9	1.3	1.8	2.2	1.9	1.8	2.1	2.3	3.3	5.5	2	2.2	2.2	2.1	1.7	0.7	0.1	1.2	2.2	1.9	0.8	0.4	0	-0.3	0.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.7	-2	-0.3	1.4	1.4	-0.3	4.3	1.4	-0.7	0.3	0.4	-0.4	0.3	0.1	0.8	0.6	-0.9
Hungary	0.1	0.4	2.7	11.9	2.2	1	2.7	2.5	1.1	-0.8	0.3	-0.1	-0.8	1.6	1.3	1.2	1.7	1.6	1.4	2.1	1.7	1.8	1.5	0.3	1	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	-18.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-1.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Population change rate29
European Union	1.6	2.6	3.8	4.2	0.5	-2.2	1.9	1.9	1.4	1.5	2.4	1.5	0.7	1	1.8	1.9	1.9	3.2	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.9	3.8	3.5	1.1	2.1	2	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	2	2.8	3.6	2.2	3.5	3.2	3.6	2.7	2.9	2.3	2.2	2.2	3	3.7	4.7	4.5	4.4	4.8	4.8	5.5	5.8	6.2	6.7	6.8	4.2	7.1	6.7	7.3	7.7	7.9	8.6	8.8	10.3	8.4	8.1
Euro area	2.4	3.6	4.7	4.2	1.4	0	2.3	2.3	1.6	1.7	3.1	1.7	1.1
Germany	-1.3	1.4	4.1	-1.4	1	-0.1	1.8	2.7	3.3	4.2	12	5.3	3	2.4	1.3	-0.6	-2.4	-2.6	-1.2	-1.5	-0.8	-0.4	-0.1	1.2	2.2	1.2	1.5	-0.2	0.6	2.4	3.4	2.5	4.5	8.7	6.5	16.6	15.5	7.8	1.6	2	-0.5	-4.2	-3.9	-2.7	0.9	3.6	1.9	-0.5	-1.5	-3.3	-5.6	-1.8	4.7	5	8.2	-3.2	12	8.5	2.6	8.3	12	12.4	10.7	11.6	11.2	12.6
France	3.3	3.1	3.4	5	5.3	3.8	2.7	3.9	3.2	2.6	2.7	4.4	5.2	4.9	4.6	4.9	4.8	5.3	5.7	6.5	7.3	7.7	6.9	7.1	7.3	7.1	6.4	3.7	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.6	3.7	4.8	5	4.9	5.9	5.9	5.5	5.2	4.9	5	4.7	6
Italy	0	-0.5	-0.4	-0.6	-3.5	-6.8	-2.9	-2	-2.1	-1.6	-2.2	-0.8	1.1	2.9	2.6	4.3	4.5	7.1	8.4	3.8	4.2	7.5	7.4	3.4	0.6	0.7	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.6	0	0	0.4	0.9	0.5	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.4	0	0.7	0.8	1.6	2.5	3.3	3.9	4.6	5.3	6.6	6.5	7.1	4.3	5.1	5.5	5.8	6.8	7.7	7.9	9	7.5	7.1	6.4	6.9
Spain	9.4	10.4	11.1	12.5	1.8	1.7	8.5	5.9	3.2	1.7	-0.1	-1.5	-4.7	-1.9	3.2	3.9	5.3	12.4	19.6	17.4	16.3	17.4	17.1	19.1	9.1	4.8	4.1	4	4.3	4.1	4.2	4.6	4.9	5.4	4.4	0.7	1.3	1.8	2.4	2.8	3.2	4	4.3	5.5	6.5	7.7	8.4	9.3	10	10.6	10.5	11.1	10.8	11.3	10.7	13.4	8.8	11	15.2	9.4	11.1	10.6	9.3	8.2	10.2	8.4
Netherlands	4.8	5.6	7.4	12.5	6.6	3.9	7.2	5.9	5.8	6	4.6	4.2	3	2.9	4.5	4.9	5.4	4.9	2.9	1.5	1.8	2.9	4	5.4	7.4	7.7	6.6	6.8	5.6	4.7	4.5	5.4	6.7	7.2	7.9	7.9	5.9	6.1	6.8	5.9	5.2	4.1	3.8	3.8	5.4	8.3	7.5	6.3	6	5.9	9.8	8	7.7	8.9	11.4	12.4	12.4	10.8	10	12.7	13.4	14	12.7	14.3	14.2	12.1
Belgium	6	5.6	6.3	10.7	5.4	2.8	5.8	5	4.1	3.6	6.5	5	5.9	5.6	6.8	10.2	8	8	7.7	6.9	6.3	4.7	3.9	4.5	4.5	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.2	2.7	1.2	3	3.2	4.6	3.5	3.9	2	5.2	1.1	0.6	0.1	0.5	-0.5	0.3	-0.9	0.8	1.4	0.4	1.4	1	2.5	3.2	3.1	3.2	4.6	-1	2.9	2.7	5.1	6	7.5	10.7	8.3	6.7	1.3	5.4
Ireland	12.8	16.4	15.1	22.5	17.1	10.8	14.5	17.3	11.7	15.3	10.3	8.5	6.1	4.5	4	4.7	6.2	14.2	26.7	30.9	23.2	20.3	16.2	16.4	17.3	14.5	12.1	10.4	10.5	9.6	6.2	4	3.9	6.1	7.5	4	-2.3	-5.6	-2.9	3.1	-2.2	5.4	7	7.2	11.7	11.7	11.3	15.4	13	14.1	16.1	16.8	16.3	15.8	13.9	9.4	7.3	4.4	4.6	4.8	3.1	4.4	5.4	6.3	1.9	-4.9
Austria	2	4.2	5.9	13.9	5.2	3.5	4.8	4.1	5.6	8.3	13.4	9	6.6	5.2	3.9	2.8	2	3.2	3	3.5	6.4	7.2	5.2	4.5	5.3	2.3	2.5	1.4	0.8	1.5	1.2	1.9	5.8	10.7	11.3	8.6	6.6	2.4	0.5	0.8	0.5	0.5	-0.6	-2.6	4.1	1	-1	-2.4	0.8	0	-3.5	-1.8	5.2	5.9	5.7	3.2	3.8	3.1	7.3	7.7	6.3	6.6	6.7	6.2	6.1	4.9
Finland	3	5.7	7.1	2.8	2.6	1.5	1.3	0.9	1.8	2.9	2.8	3.8	4.5	4.7	4.8	4.4	4.7	4.9	4.4	4.1	3.6	3.2	2.6	2.2	2.7	1.9	2.3	2.4	2.9	3	3.5	4.1	4.5	5.2	6.1	4.8	4	3.2	2.6	3	3.5	4.9	5.8	6.1	5.1	3.4	2.8	2.3	3.4	2.2	3.8	5	5.4	5.9	6	-3.5	-4.1	2.9	6	4.8	2.7	4	7.2	7	6.6	7.5
Portugal	3.2	16.2	24.8	30.7	2.6	-0.4	4	-0.2	-0.8	-2.3	-2.6	-4.7	-5.7	-5.2	-1.3	-0.1	1	0.9	2	2	1.6	2.1	2.7	4.8	6.2	7.9	6.1	5.2	4.9	4	3.5	3.4	2	0.5	-2	-2.6	-1.8	-1.1	-1	0.4	1.4	4.1	3.6	5.7	6.6	10.8	10.8	10.6	11	10.3	47.1	28.5	-0.8	1.4	-4.5	-4	-13.7	-4.3	-4.3	-8.4	-6.7	-1.5	2.6	5.5	8.9	7.2
Greece	-0.6	-0.3	-2.5	-5.7	-8.9	-5.4	-2.1	-3	-3.8	-2.6	-7.7	-7	-7.8	-7.5	-3.3	0.4	2.2	3.1	2.3	2.8	3.2	2.7	2.3	2.5	4.8	5.6	2.6	5.1	6	3.9	5	4.4	5.6	6.1	9.2	14.9	6.2	4.2	3.1	3.6	3	4.8	5.2	6.5	5.9	12.1	7.5	17.5	8.4	17.7	13.4	5.4	2	7.1	5.9	2.8	1.8	5.5	7.5	8.8	5.9	3.4	3.8	3.6	8.3	7.5
Slovakia	-1.9	-1	-0.8	-1.1	-4.6	0.3	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.7	0.9	1	0.9	1.2	2.2	0.4	1.5	1.2	0.5	0	0	0.2	-0.6	-0.8	0	-3.7	1	1.1	1.6	2.1	2.2	3.7	4.2	3.4	-2.8	4.3	4.4	5.2	5.4	5.7	6.7	6.8	6.9	7.6	7.9	6.6	9.9	10	10.4	10.8	10.3	10.6	10	9.4	7.7	0.7	7.9	7.5	8	9	9.5	10.6	10.5	10.1	12	48.4
Bulgaria	-2.2	-1.3	-0.3	-5.4	-7.6	-5.7	-14.3	-13.9	-13.5	-12.9	-13	-12.4	-11.9	-5.8	-5.7	-7.1	-6.1	-6.8	-7.2	-7.5	-7.7	-7.3	-7.8	-8.1	-35	-5.1	-4.8	-6.4	-6.9	-5.2	-5.1	-3.8	-3	-13	-8.5	-11.2	-24.7	1.2	1.1	1.9	-2.4	2.4	2.3	2.7	3.3	3.4	4.6	-1.9	4.2	6.2	2.5	7.2	6.1	4.3	5	6	7.1	8.2	6	6.6	6.5	8.2	8.2	8	9.5	9.7
Luxembourg	13.1	14.7	16.9	23.6	16.7	13.7	19.7	19.6	19	19.8	23.3	23.9	23.3	23	24.7	19.3	17.2	19.9	15.9	15	16.9	13.7	14.7	9.5	11.4	12.4	14.5	12.5	12.4	12.7	14.6	13.5	13.7	13.1	13.4	13.4	11.7	7.8	6.7	6.2	2.7	1.1	0.9	-0.4	2.1	3.8	3.3	1.4	2.2	1.3	8.6	13.2	12.8	9.2	15.1	3.9	5.9	3.9	1.2	5.4	9	13.7	8.6	12.2	12.3	5.9
Croatia	0.4	3.2	2.9	-3	-7.9	-10.3	-8.9	-11.4	-15.9	-12.8	-12	-8.7	-7.1	-3.2	-3.2	-3	-1.6	-0.5	-0.4	0.2	0.4	1.2	0.1	0	2.3	-13.2	-6.6	-2.1	0.8	-10.6	-16.8	3	19.4	-8.8	-39.7	2	2.2	2.8	3.7	4.1	4.4	4.6	4.9	5.5	4.4	0.7	1.4	4.5	4.9	5.5	5	4.5	4.7	4.1	4.6	4	5.4	6.4	6	7	6.9	6.3	6.6	7.2	6.9	6.2
Lithuania	-1.1	1.7	10	18.1	-1.7	0.3	-0.8	-5	-11.6	-12.7	-10.7	-7.2	-9	-9.7	-16.2	-28.9	-13.2	-9	-11.6	-12.2	-19.7	-12.9	-9.5	-6.7	-9.3	-7.2	-6.9	-7.3	-7.2	-7.6	-7.7	-7.7	-6.1	-3.3	1.2	2.2	5.1	10.8	10.5	10.4	8.9	8.2	8.3	7.8	6.3	5.3	3.7	7.1	7.5	8.3	8	8.9	9.1	9.9	11.7	13.2	7.5	10.9	11.6	12.5	12	12.5	12.3	12.4	15.6	16.5
Slovenia	2	3.2	3.3	4.6	-0.9	6.2	7.2	6.8	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.9	1.1	1.6	2.6	1.6	7.2	10.9	7.7	3.5	2.9	0.6	0.7	0.5	2	1.2	4.8	-3.3	-1	-1.6	0.4	0	-2.3	-2.4	-0.5	1.8	0	1.1	4.3	19.9	4.9	4.8	5.4	7.2	-3.2	8.7	11.1	10.3	11.5	12.7	16.9	2.6	8.1	8.4	7.5	8	4.8	6.1	11.6	11.8	13.3	7.5	11.2	5.4	6.6	5.3
Latvia	-8.3	-9.6	-8.8	8.7	-9.3	-7.6	-6.4	-7.5	-8.1	-9.6	-8.7	-7.7	-11.1	-10.3	-14.5	-21.9	-19.8	-13.3	-7.7	-8.6	-9.8	-11.8	-10	-9.3	-13.9	-12	-7.3	-8.9	-9.9	-10	-12.5	-16	-17.5	-21.9	-5.7	-3.7	0.9	9.3	11.1	9.4	6.9	6.2	6.3	5.4	3.8	2.3	2.2	4.2	6.1	5.2	6.8	8.7	9	7.8	8.4	6.2	7.5	9.3	10.1	5.6	9.6	12.9	13.8	12.9	13.8	15.9
Estonia	-6.8	-3.4	6.4	25.3	1.3	0.9	3.1	4.3	2.7	-0.2	2	-1.9	-3.3	-3.8	-3.3	-2.7	-1.8	-2	-3.3	-5.8	-6	-5.4	-6.5	-6	-6.6	-6.1	15.8	-10	-9.2	-13.6	-15.9	-19.7	-23	-28.4	-8.2	-1.8	3.1	4.8	7.6	7.9	6.9	6.4	6.6	7.1	7.3	6.8	5.3	5.9	7.8	6.9	7.4	8.3	9	10.2	12.3	12.4	9.5	11.5	7	8.8	12.8	14.4	14.4	13.2	13.7	8.5
Cyprus	13.7	17	18	20.6	16.6	13.3	13.7	13.1	10	7.1	3.4	0.9	-3.3	4.5	26.2	24.8	27.5	26.2	24	18.5	14.8	14	12.8	11.5	11.4	10.2	11.1	11.3	13.3	15.1	16.8	19.5	21.9	26.4	26.8	25	17.5	10.9	10.3	11.5	11.5	12.9	13.1	3.4	20.4	12.8	8.9	6.6	0.8	-0.6	-15.6	-25.7	9.5	13.8	10	8	8.5	8.3	7.8	6.6	8.1	4.9	11.3	5.2	4.1	2.7
Malta	24.1	19	38.7	41.2	7.8	2.5	43.4	37.5	33.1	21.4	24.4	24.6	15.8	11.8	6.1	2.3	7.5	7.6	5.4	1.5	5.8	7	6.5	6.7	8.2	6.8	6.1	5.8	7.2	7.9	5.2	8.7	10	10	10.6	9.8	9.7	9.7	6.7	7.1	26.5	8.5	-8.1	36.6	6	8.7	12.3	8	12.9	-5.1	15.3	-0.7	-0.7	-1	-0.7	1	-11.8	-11.7	-11.9	-11.4	-11.3	-4	-4	-4.3	-4	-4
Poland	-4.5	-3.4	-3.6	-3.7	-5	-23.6	-0.4	-0.1	0.1	0.2	-1	-0.3	-1.2	0	0	1	0.8	0.5	-0.3	-0.8	-0.4	-0.4	-0.7	-0.6	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	0.2	0.5	0.8	0.7	2	2.3	2.8	3.3	3.8	4.1	3.2	5.1	6.2	7.5	8.6	9.5	9.3	9.1	9	9.4	6.6	9.3	10	10	9.9	9.3	8.9	7.7	-0.4	7.5	8.1	11	8.2	6.7	12.8	14.8	11.6	11.3	10.6
Sweden	1.7	3.4	2.9	6.6	7	5	9.5	10.8	12.4	14.5	10.6	10.6	9.3	7.7	7.1	8	9.1	8	7.6	7.2	4	4	3.9	3.5	3	2.4	0.8	0.8	0.4	0.8	2.4	8.1	6.1	5.5	6.2	7.4	8	5.3	3.9	2.8	1.9	1.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	1.8	2.3	2.1	3.7	3.4	3.9	4	1.8	1.7	4.2	9.6	9.1	4.9	6.3	9	10	8.8	6.1	5.2	5.9	3.6
Romania	-0.1	-1.3	0.6	0.6	-8.3	-6.6	-4.4	-6.1	-5.6	-5.9	-5.6	-3.9	-3.6	-3.8	-5.1	-4.7	-7.1	-9.5	-23.7	-6	-5.9	-6.5	-4.9	-9.5	-27	-1.1	-1.5	-1.7	-2.5	-3.3	-2.5	-1.6	-1.3	-1.4	-16.6	-0.8	4.3	4.7	4.7	5.1	4	4.1	2.9	4.6	6.4	6.7	3.8	8.8	9.1	9.8	14.3	10.7	7.8	9.3	9.8	10.9	13	8	19.1	13.7	5.4	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.5	9.5
Czechia	0.6	0.8	6.7	29.1	2.1	0.7	4.1	3.7	2.9	2.4	1.5	2.5	-0.4	1	1.8	2.4	3.5	7.9	8.7	3	2.4	0.3	0.3	-0.8	-3	-4.5	-1.1	-0.9	-1	-1.2	-1.1	-0.1	0.8	1.3	0.8	-5.6	0.2	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.5	1.2	1.5	-2.2	4.5	5.3	5.6	6.4	6.9	7.1	6.2	4.8	3.5	-9.8	2	2.1	2.7	3.8	4.7	5.9	5.9	3.6	4.3	-7.5
Denmark	5.5	5.3	4.8	10	5.7	3	2.9	4.3	5.6	7.2	8.4	5.8	4.4	4	3.6	4.7	4.2	6.5	5.3	3.6	3	2.5	2.6	2.8	3.6	3.6	3.1	3.5	3.7	4.6	6.7	3.7	3.1	3.6	3	2.2	1.1	0.1	0.9	1.7	1	-0.2	-0.8	-0.5	-0.9	0.4	2.1	2.9	3.4	2.9	2.2	3.6	5.7	6.4	5	8.9	6.2	4.9	7.3	8.5	7.6	8	8	7.8	7.8	6.2
Hungary	-5.4	-4.7	-1.6	7.1	-4.3	-3.9	-1.1	-1.4	-2.7	-4.1	-3.7	-3.5	-4.6	-2.3	-2.8	-2.9	-1.7	-1.4	-2.1	-1	-2.1	-1.9	-2.5	-3.2	-2.5	-2.1	-3.1	-2.6	-2.1	-1.9	-1.5	-1.3	-1.5	-0.8	0	-0.2	-20.4	-1.5	-1.6	-1.8	-1.6	-2	-2	-1	-0.2	0.3	1	2.6	4.3	5	6	5.8	3.1	3.3	2.7	3.1	4.5	3.8	3.9	3.6	2.5	3.1	3.2	2.2	4.4	4.5

Latest reading

European Union stood at 7.7 ‰ in 2025. That is −2.5% from 2024. The series on this page is annual and runs from 1961 to 2025. Source: Eurostat.

Latest: 7.7 ‰; 2025
vs previous period: −2.5%; 2024

About this data

Annual crude birth rates, crude death rates, and net migration for the EU, the euro area, and member states — expressed per thousand of the population. Crude rates allow direct comparison between a large country like Germany and a small one like Malta, which absolute numbers do not permit. The EU's crude birth rate has fallen by more than half since 1960, while the death rate has remained largely flat before ticking up due to population ageing; the point where the two lines cross marks the year Europe's natural population change turned negative. The net migration rate is the most volatile series, responding almost instantaneously to major migration waves. Note that these are CRUDE rates, unadjusted for age structure, meaning a country with a younger population will always record a lower death rate without necessarily implying better health outcomes. The time coverage and gaps for Germany and France are identical to those in the population table. Source: Eurostat.